The aspect of a?verb?is determined by whether the verb expresses a fact, an ongoing action, a completed action, or the end of an ongoing action.

There are two verb voices in English:?

Active Voice-when the subject of the sentence the person or thing doing the action of the verb or in the state expressed by the verb.

Passive Voice-when the subject of the sentence is being acted upon. The subject of the sentence is not performing the action. Instead, it is receiving the action.

Most writers do?not?use?passive voice. Passive voice should only be used when you need to emphasize the thing that is being acted upon.?

To write a sentence in the?passive voice, you must use an?auxiliary verb, or "helping" verb.

In?English grammar, a copula is a?verb that joins the subject of a sentence?or?clause?to a subject?complement.

Simply put, a test refers to a tool, technique, or method that is intended to measure students’ knowledge or their ability to complete a particular task. In this sense, testing can be considered as a form of assessment. Tests should meet some basic requirements, such as validity and reliability.

Assessment is the process of collecting information about students from diverse sources so that educators can form an idea of what they know and can do with this knowledge. While evaluation is concerned with making judgments about instruction, a curriculum, or an educational system, assessment is concerned with the students’ performance. In other words, one?assesses?an individual but?evaluates?a program, a curriculum, an educational system, etc.

face validity

（測驗題的）表面有效性（能適當表達教學大綱基本要點的測驗題）

backwash 反響

Listening Skills

Compensatory strategies