（個(gè)人翻譯，包含一定主觀(guān)意譯，如有謬誤望指出，僅供同好參考及學(xué)習(xí)用，如有需要可私聊獲取源文件，原版權(quán)屬于維基百科，無(wú)授權(quán)個(gè)人翻譯）

原網(wǎng)址：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestion#Modern_sources

Death and funeral死亡和葬禮

In spring 324 BC Hephaestion left Susa, where he had been married, and accompanied Alexander and the rest of the army as they travelled towards Ecbatana. They arrived in the autumn and it was there, during games and festivals, that Hephaestion fell ill with a fever. Arrian says that after the fever had run for seven days, Alexander had to be summoned from the games to Hephaestion, who was seriously ill. He did not arrive in time; by the time he got there, Hephaestion was dead. Plutarch says that being a young man and a soldier, Hephaestion had ignored medical advice and as soon as his doctor, Glaucias, had gone off to the theatre, he ate a large breakfast consisting of a boiled fowl and a cooler of wine, and then fell sick and died.

公元前324年春，在蘇薩成婚后，赫菲斯蒂安跟隨亞歷山大和軍隊(duì)離開(kāi)蘇薩，前往?？税退{。他們秋季時(shí)到達(dá)目的地，在祭典競(jìng)技會(huì)期間，赫菲斯蒂安因?yàn)榘l(fā)燒而染病。阿里安說(shuō)在持續(xù)了7天的發(fā)燒后，亞歷山大被迫離開(kāi)了赫菲斯蒂安，前往競(jìng)技會(huì)。他沒(méi)有及時(shí)趕回，當(dāng)他趕到的時(shí)候，赫菲斯蒂安已經(jīng)去世了。普魯塔克說(shuō)作為一名年輕力壯的年輕軍人，赫菲斯蒂安沒(méi)有聽(tīng)從醫(yī)生的建議，當(dāng)他的醫(yī)生格勞西亞斯前往劇院看戲的時(shí)候，赫菲斯蒂安吃了一頓豐盛的早餐，早餐包含一只煮熟的家禽和一瓶清涼的葡萄酒，吃完后他就病逝了。

Piecing the accounts together, it seems as if Hephaestion's fever had run its course for seven days, after which time he was sufficiently recovered for his doctor, and Alexander himself, to feel it was safe to leave him, and for Hephaestion to feel hungry. His meal, however, seems to have caused a relapse that led to his rapid death. Precisely why this should have happened is not known. As Mary Renault says, "This sudden crisis in a young, convalescent man is hard to account for." The explanation that fits most of the facts is that the fever was typhoid and that solid food perforated the ulcerated intestine that the typhoid would have caused. This would have led to internal bleeding, though it would be unusual in that case for death to follow quite as swiftly as it seems to have done here. For that reason, it is not possible altogether to discount other possible explanations, one of them being poison.

把這些原因整合在一起，似乎在赫菲斯蒂安發(fā)燒7天后，當(dāng)他的醫(yī)生覺(jué)得他已經(jīng)在痊愈，而亞歷山大本人也覺(jué)得赫菲斯蒂安的病已經(jīng)安全到自己可以暫時(shí)離開(kāi)，而對(duì)于赫菲斯蒂安來(lái)說(shuō)只是感覺(jué)餓了。然而，似乎只是吃了頓飯，導(dǎo)致他的病復(fù)發(fā)，嚴(yán)重到迅速奪去他的生命。沒(méi)有人知道為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這樣的事。正如瑪麗·雷諾所言：“一個(gè)年輕的、正在恢復(fù)的年輕男人突然病危，這是很難解釋的?！弊罘蠈?shí)際的一種解釋是，傷寒引起了發(fā)燒，而固體食物導(dǎo)致傷寒引起的胃潰瘍穿孔。這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致內(nèi)出血，在這種情況下，死亡速度的確有可能如此迅速。雖然有這個(gè)可能性，但也不能忽略其他可能的解釋?zhuān)渲兄痪褪嵌舅帯?/p>

Following Hephaestion's death his body was cremated and the ashes were taken to Babylon. The general Eumenes suggested that divine honors be given to Hephaestion, this was later done.

在赫菲斯蒂安死后，他的尸首被火化，骨灰送回巴比倫。將軍歐邁尼斯建議將神圣的榮耀賜予赫菲斯蒂安是后來(lái)發(fā)生的事。

Hephaestion's death is dealt with at greater length by the ancient sources than any of the events of his life, because of its profound effect upon Alexander. Plutarch says "... Alexander's grief was uncontrollable ..." and adds that he ordered many signs of mourning, notably that the manes and tails of all horses should be shorn, the demolition of the battlements of the neighbouring cities and the banning of flutes and every other kind of music. Arrian relates an account that "... he flung himself on the body of his friend and lay there nearly all day long in tears, and refused to be parted from him until he was dragged away by force by his Companions ...", another that said "... he lay stretched upon the corpse all day and the whole night too ...", and another which told how he had the doctor, Glaucias, executed for his lack of care. Arrian also mentions Alexander ordering the shrine of Asclepios in Ecbatana to be razed to the ground, and that he cut his hair short in mourning, this last a poignant reminder of Achilles' last gift to Patroclus on his funeral pyre: "... he laid the lock of hair in the hands of his beloved companion, and the whole company was moved to tears."

因?yàn)楹辗扑沟侔仓缹?duì)亞歷山大的巨大影響，導(dǎo)致古代文獻(xiàn)將這件事作為他一生最重要的事件來(lái)處理。普魯塔克說(shuō)：“……亞歷山大陷入了無(wú)法控制的悲傷……”他補(bǔ)充道，亞歷山大下令做了很多紀(jì)念的哀悼之舉，比如剪掉所有馬匹的鬃毛和馬尾，拆除鄰近城市的城防，禁止一切音樂(lè)。阿里安敘述了一個(gè)現(xiàn)象：“……亞歷山大躺在赫菲斯蒂安尸首上，整天躺在那里幾乎不停的流淚，他拒絕離開(kāi)，直到其他同伴把他強(qiáng)行拖走?！绷硪粋€(gè)人說(shuō)：“……他不分晝夜的趴伏在赫菲斯蒂安的尸首上……”，還有一個(gè)人講述了他因?yàn)獒t(yī)生格勞西亞斯的疏忽處死了他。阿里安還提到亞歷山大還下令將阿斯克勒庇俄斯（醫(yī)術(shù)之神）在?？税吞鼓堑纳竦钜臑閺U墟，并在哀悼中剪短了自己的頭發(fā)，這辛酸的一幕令人想起了阿克琉斯在葬禮上給帕特克洛斯的最后禮物：“……他把那綹頭發(fā)放在心愛(ài)的伙伴手中，整個(gè)軍隊(duì)都流下了感動(dòng)的淚水?！?/p>

Another hint that Alexander looked to Achilles to help him to express his grief may be found in the campaign, shortly following these events, against a tribe called the Cossaeans. Plutarch says they were massacred as an offering to the spirit of Hephaestion and it is quite possible to imagine that to Alexander this might have followed in spirit Achilles' killing of "... twelve high-born youths ..." beside Patroclus' funeral pyre.

亞歷山大向阿克琉斯尋求幫助來(lái)排解自己的悲傷的另一個(gè)暗示是，在隨后的競(jìng)賽中，很快結(jié)束了所有項(xiàng)目，并進(jìn)軍討伐科薩亞人。普魯塔克說(shuō)他們作為赫菲斯蒂安靈魂的祭品被屠殺，可以想見(jiàn)，追隨阿克琉斯的殺戮行為顯然可以看出壓力山大已經(jīng)精神崩潰了：“……二十個(gè)年輕人……”在帕特克洛斯的葬禮上被獻(xiàn)祭。

Arrian states that all his sources agree that "... for two whole days after Hephaestion's death Alexander tasted no food and paid no attention in any way to his bodily needs but lay on his bed now crying lamentably, now in the silence of grief." Alexander ordered a period of mourning throughout the empire. Arrian tells us that "Many of the Companions, out of respect for Alexander, dedicated themselves and their arms to the dead man ..." The army, too, remembered him; Alexander did not appoint anyone to take Hephaestion's place as commander of the Companion cavalry; he "... wished Hephaestion's name to be preserved always in connection with it, so Hephaestion's Regiment it continued to be called, and Hephaestion's image continued to be carried before it."

阿里安所有的消息來(lái)源都贊成：“……在赫菲斯蒂安死后整整兩天，亞歷山大不吃任何東西，不關(guān)心自己身體的任何需要，只是和赫菲斯蒂安躺在一起，痛苦的哭泣著，悲痛的不發(fā)一言?！眮啔v山大下令全國(guó)哀悼。阿里安告訴我們：“許多同伴，出于對(duì)亞歷山大的尊重，將死者的手臂獻(xiàn)給了赫菲斯蒂安……”軍隊(duì)同樣在紀(jì)念他；亞歷山大沒(méi)有任命任何人接任赫菲斯蒂安騎兵指揮官的位置；他：“……希望騎兵團(tuán)永遠(yuǎn)屬于赫菲斯蒂安名下，所以繼續(xù)被稱(chēng)為赫菲斯蒂安的騎兵團(tuán)，按照赫菲斯蒂安活著時(shí)指揮軍隊(duì)?！?/p>

Alexander sent messengers to the oracle at Siwa to ask if Amon would permit Hephaestion to be worshipped as a god. When the reply came saying he might be worshipped not as a god, but as a divine hero, Alexander was pleased and "... from that day forward saw that his friend was honoured with a hero's rites." He saw to it that shrines were erected to Hephaestion's memory, and evidence that the cult took hold can be found in a simple votary plaque now in Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, inscribed, "To the Hero Hephaestion".

亞歷山大派信使到西瓦請(qǐng)求神諭，詢(xún)問(wèn)阿蒙神能否將赫菲斯蒂安作為神來(lái)拜祭。當(dāng)神諭回復(fù)不能做為神，但可以作為一位神圣的英雄祭拜時(shí)，亞歷山大很高興：“……從那天起，他親眼見(jiàn)證著自己的朋友受到了英雄的禮遇。”他認(rèn)為神社應(yīng)該建立在自己對(duì)赫菲斯蒂安的記憶的基礎(chǔ)上，在塞薩洛尼基的考古博物館，可以在一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的紀(jì)念碑上找到這種崇拜的證據(jù)，上面寫(xiě)著“致英雄赫菲斯蒂安”。

Hephaestion was given a magnificent funeral. Its cost is variously given in the sources as 10,000 talents or 12,000 talents. It is difficult to give a modern equivalent for such a huge amount but we know that in Hephaestion’s time, the daily wage of a skilled worker was two or three drachmas. In western Europe, 2008, that would be between ￡50 and ￡100, so the lowest possible value for 1 drachma in modern terms is ￡25. We know there were 6,000 drachmas in a talent, so even at the most conservative estimate, Hephaestion’s funeral would have cost ￡1,500,000,000. Alexander himself drove the funeral carriage part of the way back to Babylon with some of the driving entrusted to Hephaestion's friend Perdiccas. At Babylon funeral games were held in Hephaestion's honour. The contests ranged from literature to athletics and 3,000 competitors took part, the festival eclipsing anything that had gone before both in cost and in numbers taking part. Plutarch says that Alexander planned to spend ten thousand talents on the funeral and the tomb. He employed Stasicrates, "... as this artist was famous for his innovations, which combined an exceptional degree of magnificence, audacity and ostentation ...", to design the pyre for Hephaestion.

赫菲斯蒂安擁有一個(gè)盛大的葬禮。花費(fèi)了高額的成本，大約為10,000至12,000塔倫特（注：馬其頓貨幣單位，有野史說(shuō)亞歷山大繼位的時(shí)候國(guó)庫(kù)僅有不到20塔倫特）。很難等量換算出這場(chǎng)花費(fèi)價(jià)值多少現(xiàn)代貨幣，但我們知道，在赫菲斯蒂安的時(shí)代，一個(gè)技藝高超的工匠工作一天可以得到2到3個(gè)希臘銀幣。在西歐，2008年，工匠工資大約為50到100歐元，也就是說(shuō)，一個(gè)希臘銀幣最少等值于現(xiàn)代的25歐元。我們還知道，6,000個(gè)希臘銀幣等于1塔倫特，所以按照最保守的估計(jì)，赫菲斯蒂安的葬禮花費(fèi)了15億歐元。亞歷山大親自駕駛送葬車(chē)返回巴比倫，其余的車(chē)馬交由赫菲斯蒂安的好友佩爾狄卡斯。他們?cè)诎捅葌悶楹辗扑沟侔才e行了葬禮競(jìng)技會(huì)。比賽內(nèi)容從文學(xué)到田徑運(yùn)動(dòng)都有，3,000名運(yùn)動(dòng)員參加，這個(gè)慶典的人數(shù)和花費(fèi)遠(yuǎn)超之前。普魯塔克說(shuō)亞歷山大在葬禮和墓葬上花費(fèi)1萬(wàn)塔倫特。亞歷山大雇傭了斯塔斯克雷特斯（Stasicrates）：“……這個(gè)藝術(shù)家以創(chuàng)新而聞名，他的作品非凡、輝煌而充滿(mǎn)了大膽的想象……”他被雇傭設(shè)計(jì)赫菲斯蒂安的火葬柴堆。

The pyre was sixty metres high, square in shape and built in stepped levels. The first level was decorated with two hundred and forty ships with golden prows, each of these adorned with armed figures with red banners filling the spaces between. On the second level were torches with snakes at the base, golden wreaths in the middle and at the top, flames surmounted by eagles. The third level showed a hunting scene, and the fourth a battle of centaurs, all done in gold. On the fifth level, also in gold, were lions and bulls, and on the sixth the arms of Macedon and Persia. The seventh and final level bore sculptures of sirens, hollowed out to conceal a choir who would sing a lament. It is possible that the pyre was not burnt, but that it was actually intended as a tomb or lasting memorial; if so, it is likely that it was never completed, as there are references to expensive, uncompleted projects at the time of Alexander's own death.

那是一個(gè)六十米高的方形的階梯狀柴堆。第一層裝飾有二百四十艘金子做船頭的、裝飾有紅色旗幟的船，每艘船都覆蓋滿(mǎn)了紅色的旗幟。第二層是火把，底部是蛇,中間和頂上裝飾金色的花環(huán)，展現(xiàn)火焰高于飛鷹的畫(huà)面。第三層是狩獵的場(chǎng)景，第四層是半人馬的戰(zhàn)斗，都是用金子做的。第五層也用黃金做出獅子和公牛，第六層則是馬其頓和波斯的軍隊(duì)。第四層和最后一層是塞壬的雕像，被挖空用來(lái)隱藏唱挽歌的唱詩(shī)班。很可能墓堆并沒(méi)有被燒毀，而是作為一個(gè)用來(lái)紀(jì)念的墳?zāi)梗蝗绻沁@樣，那它可能一直沒(méi)有完工，因?yàn)閬啔v山大去世的時(shí)候，依然還有很多未完成的昂貴項(xiàng)目。

One final tribute remained, and it is compelling in its simplicity and in what it reveals about the high esteem in which Hephaestion was held by Alexander. On the day of the funeral, he gave orders that the sacred flame in the temple should be extinguished. Normally, this was only done on the death of the Great King himself.

最終還有一個(gè)貢品被提及，它簡(jiǎn)潔明了的揭示了亞歷山大對(duì)赫菲斯蒂安抱有怎樣崇高的敬意和支持。在葬禮當(dāng)天，他下令將神廟里的圣火全部熄滅。通常來(lái)說(shuō)，這是在偉大國(guó)王比如他自己去世后才有的禮遇。

?

Amphipolis Tomb安菲波利斯之墓

Based on a monogram found in the Amphipolis Tomb, the lead archaeologist, Katerina Peristeri, claims that the whole tumulus was a funerary monument for Hephaestion, built?between 325–300 BC.

考古學(xué)家凱特琳娜·佩里斯特里基于在安菲波利斯之墓發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)交織文字（注：一種由姓名的首字母組成的組合圖案）宣稱(chēng)，整個(gè)古冢都是為赫菲斯提安的葬禮修建的，建于公元前325至公元前300年間。

?

Portrayals of Hephaestion in fiction

文學(xué)作品中的赫菲斯提安形象

Cave, A. J. (2008) Roxana Romance. Pavasta. Hardcover: ISBN 978-0-9802061-0-4, eBook: ISBN 978-0-9802061-1-1

《羅克珊娜浪漫史》精裝本，A·J·卡夫著，Pavasta出版社2008年出版，圖書(shū)編號(hào)：ISBN 978-0-9802061-0-4，電子書(shū)編號(hào)?ISBN 978-0-9802061-1-1。

?

In the 1961 television version of Terence Rattigan's play Adventure Story, Hephaestion?is played by William Russell.

在1961年電視劇《特倫斯·拉蒂根的戲劇冒險(xiǎn)故事》中，赫菲斯提安由威廉·拉塞爾扮演。

?

In the Oliver Stone film Alexander, he is portrayed by Jared Leto.

在奧利弗·斯通制導(dǎo)電影《亞歷山大大帝》，由杰瑞德·萊拖飾演赫菲斯提安。

?

Hephaestion is a major character in Mary Renault's novels Fire from Heaven and The Persian Boy.

在瑪麗·雷諾的小說(shuō)《天堂之火》、《波斯男孩》中，赫菲斯提安都是主要人物。

?

Notes其他

略

?

References參考文獻(xiàn)

Ancient sources歷史文獻(xiàn)

Aelian, Varia Historia

埃里亞，《不同的故事》

Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander

阿里安，《亞歷山大遠(yuǎn)征的里程碑》

Quintus Curtius Rufus, The History of Alexander

昆塔斯·庫(kù)拉烏斯·魯弗斯，《亞歷山大史》

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica

狄?jiàn)W多羅斯·西庫(kù)路斯，《歷史叢書(shū)館》

Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers: Aristotle

第歐根尼·拉爾修斯，《著名哲學(xué)家的生活和觀(guān)點(diǎn):亞里士多德》

Diogenes of Sinope, Letters

第歐根尼在諾普城的信件

Homer, Iliad

荷馬，《伊利亞特》

Horace, Epistles

賀拉斯，書(shū)信集

Lucian, Pro Lapsu

盧西恩，《失誤箴》

Plutarch, Parallel Lives: Alexander, Eumenes

普魯塔克，《并行線(xiàn):亞歷山大和歐邁尼斯》

?

Modern sources當(dāng)代文獻(xiàn)

Cartledge, Paul (2004) Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past. London: Macmillan. ISBN 1-4050-3292-8

《亞歷山大大帝：尋找新的過(guò)去》,保羅·卡特里奇著,倫敦:麥克米倫出版社,2004.索書(shū)號(hào): ISBN 1-4050-3292-8，

?

Chugg, Andrew Michael (2006) Alexander's Lovers. Lightning Source UK Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4116-9960-1

《亞歷山大的愛(ài)人》,安德魯·邁克爾·查格著,英國(guó)燈塔出版社,2006.索書(shū)號(hào):ISBN 978-1-4116-9960-1

?

Hammond, N. G. L. (1980 2nd edition) Alexander the Great: King, Commander and Statesman. Bristol Press. ISBN 1-85399-068-X

《亞歷山大大帝：君王，指揮官，政治家》, N·G·L·哈蒙德著,布里斯托爾出版社,1980第二版.索書(shū)號(hào)：ISBN 1-85399-068-X

?

Hammond, N. G. L. (1997) The Genius of Alexander the Great. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3341-4

《天才亞歷山大大帝》, N·G·L·哈蒙德著,倫敦:達(dá)克沃斯出版社,1997.索書(shū)號(hào):ISBN 0-7156-3341-4

?

Heckel, Waldemar (2006) Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great. MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-1210-7

《亞歷山大同時(shí)代的人》,瓦爾德瑪·?？藸栔?美國(guó):布萊克威爾出版社,2006.索書(shū)號(hào):ISBN 1-4051-1210-7

?

Lane Fox, Robin (1973) Alexander the Great. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-14-102076-8

《亞歷山大大帝》,羅賓·雷恩·?？怂怪?倫敦:艾倫·雷恩出版社,1973.索書(shū)號(hào): ISBN 0-14-102076-8

?

Martin, Thomas R. (2012). Alexander the Great : the story of an ancient life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521767484

《亞歷山大大帝:一種古老的生活》,托馬斯·R·馬丁著,英國(guó)劍橋:劍橋大學(xué)出版社,2012.索書(shū)號(hào):ISBN 9780521767484

?

Renault, Mary (1975) The Nature of Alexander. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-0936-6

《真實(shí)的亞歷山大》,瑪麗·雷納特著,倫敦:艾倫·雷恩出版社,1975.索書(shū)號(hào):ISBN 0-7139-0936-6

?

Further reading拓展閱讀

Reames, Jeanne. Hephaistion Amyntoros: Eminence Grise at the Court of Alexander the Great. Diss. The Pennsylvania State University, c1998. (abstract)

《赫菲斯蒂安·阿明托爾：亞歷山大大帝軍中卓越的操縱者》,珍妮·瑞莫斯著,論文,賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué),1998.摘要.

?

Borza, Eugene and Jeanne Reames. Some New Thoughts on the Death of Alexander the Great, The Ancient World 31.1 (2000) 1-9.

《關(guān)于亞歷山大大帝之死的一些新見(jiàn)解》,尤金·博爾扎，珍妮·瑞莫斯著,《古代世界》31章第一節(jié)，2000，第一版第九次印。

?

Bosworth, Albert Brian. Hephaistion. In: Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth (Hrsg.): The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3. Aufl., Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996, ISBN 0-19-866172-X.

赫菲斯提安詞條，阿爾伯特·布萊恩·博斯沃思編，《牛津大辭典》西蒙·霍恩布洛爾，安東尼·斯提福斯編，牛津大學(xué)出版社，1996.索書(shū)號(hào)：ISBN 0-19-866172-X

?

Carney, Elizabeth D. Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Aristocracy. Dissertation, Duke University, 1975.

《亞歷山大大帝和馬其頓貴族》，伊麗莎白·D·卡尼著，杜克大學(xué)博士論文，1975.

?

Heckel, Waldemar. Hephaistion. In: Ders.: The Marshals of Alexander's Empire. Routledge, London 1992, ISBN 0-415-05053-7.

《赫菲斯提安：亞歷山大的帝國(guó)元帥》，沃爾德·黑格爾著，倫敦：勞特里奇，1992.索書(shū)號(hào)：ISBN 0-415-05053-7

?

Reames, Jeanne. An Atypical Affair? Alexander the Great, Hephaistion, and the Nature of Their Relationship. In: The Ancient History Bulletin 13.3 (1999), pp. 81–96.

《一個(gè)典例？亞歷山大大帝和赫菲斯提安之間的關(guān)系的本質(zhì)》，珍妮·瑞莫斯著，《古代歷史公報(bào)》1999年13期3刊，81-96頁(yè)。

?

Reames, Jeanne. The Cult of Hephaistion. In: Cartledge, Paul, and Greenland, Fiona Rose (ed.), Responses to Oliver Stone's Alexander. Film, History, and Cultural Studies. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 2010, ISBN 0-299-23284-0 (accessible online in Scribd.com).

《對(duì)赫菲斯蒂安的崇拜》，珍妮·瑞莫斯著，保羅·卡特利奇，菲歐娜·蘿絲·格陵蘭主編，對(duì)奧利弗·斯通執(zhí)導(dǎo)電影《亞歷山大》的評(píng)價(jià)，以及對(duì)歷史和文化的研究。威斯康辛大學(xué)出版社，麥迪遜（歷史學(xué)名詞），2010.索書(shū)號(hào)：ISBN 0-299-23284-0（文件分享網(wǎng)可以找到）

?

Reames, Jeanne. The Mourning of Alexander the Great, In: Syllecta Classica 12 (2001) 98-145.

《亞歷山大大帝的哀悼》，珍妮·瑞莫斯，《古典學(xué)集》刊，2001年12期98-145頁(yè)。