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AP macro unit5 summary long-run consequence of stabilization

2023-01-01 12:15 作者:豬飼料廠廠長013  | 我要投稿

5.1 fiscal and monetary policy in the short run

注:G為government spending, T為 tax, DR為discount rate

Fiscal Policy

government spending,taxes

monetary policy

interest rate,reserve requirement,open market operation(buy or sell bonds)

5.2 The Phillips Curve 重點

the natural rate of unemployment is 5%

上圖(3,7)是inflationary gap
AS 往左移,SRPC往右移,

price level的增加--inflation--豎直方向向上移動,

GDP的減少-- unemployment 增加--水平方向向右移動

shifters of short run aggregate supply:

  • Resource prices

  • Actions of government

  • Productivity

5.3 money and inflation

quantity theory of? money:MV=PY?通常是在長期的情況下討論 monetary policy

m 為money supply,v為money velocity,p為price level,y為real GDP

in the long run , increase money supply doesn't affect real GDP

關于這個公式的三個考點,?

1. 用來計算速度

2. 理解到money supply與real GDP無關?

3. notice that P x Y = Nominal GDP


5.4 government deficits and the national debt

budget deficit- 財政赤字, 花的錢比稅收收來的錢多

budget surplus-稅收收入比政府花的錢多

the national debt,不是國債券,是accumulation of all the budget deficits over time, 因為要為nation debt 還interest ,所以太多debt 不是一個特別好的事情


5.5 crowding out

what?crowding out-

定義?the adverse effect of government borrowing on the interest-sensitive private?sector spending

性質(zhì) the biggest consequence of fiscal policy?

why.??crowding out

when a government is in budget deficit, it typically borrows to finance its spending

consequences

in short run.?crowding out leads to decreased levels of interest- sensitive privare sector spending

in long run? ?a potential impact is a lower rate of phsical accumulation and less economic growth as a result

How.? ?

two ways。? ?兩種在AP考試都是得分的

1. rightward shift of demand

政府對借貸的需求增大,導致利率上漲,但是由于很多的借貸是被政府借走的,所以留給商業(yè)投資和個人的實際上只有Q1, 對于個人和普通商業(yè)投資,借貸的利率變高了,留給他們的loan總量也減少了,社會的investment spending就減少了

如果政府沒有把借貸借來的錢放在infrastructure基礎建設一類帶來經(jīng)濟增長的項目上,而是拿去購買stuffs,會帶來很多問題

2. decrease of supply

另一種理解方式下的圖形,政府借走了更多的借貸,把這個看作是loan的supply的減少,因此畫出了supply leftward shift的曲線

得到的結果是一樣的, 更高的利率以及smaller的amount in loan supply。

兩種變化本質(zhì)是一樣的,是一回事,只是分別移動了不同的曲線,邏輯上更完整,結果也是一樣的

總體的investment spending的減少,會導致投入的capital and tools變少,從長期來看,會減少economic growth

5.6 economic growth

注意:由investment 增加引起的shift的情況中, LRAS 是要移動的,因為生產(chǎn)力增加了,總量也會增加

Consumption 短期只影響demand ,長期對兩者都沒有影響

斜率逐漸下降,不是什么重要的點,也很好理解


human capital :不是什么工具,是skills,

5.7 public policy and economic growth

supply-side fiscal policies——government policies designed to increase production by reducing business taxes and/or regulation

在現(xiàn)實生活中,這些政策會變得很復雜很具爭議,不會那么理想





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