七七 | 非謂語作定語與狀語

1??定語

• 修飾和限定名詞
• “…的"

即將被討論的問題

• a question to be discussed

游動池

• a swimming pool

正在池里游動的男孩

• a boy swimming in the pool

落葉

• fallen leaves

動名詞還是現(xiàn)在分詞，這是一個問題

名詞是否主動發(fā)出這個動作！

動名詞：功能 / 用途

一個游動池

• a swimming pool = a pool for swimming

一個會議室

• a meeting room = a room for meeting

現(xiàn)在分詞：所處狀態(tài)

正在池里游動的男孩

• a boy swimming in the pool = a boy who is swimming

a moving van = a van which is moving

• 一輛正在移動的貨車

a moving van = a van for moving

• 搬家貨車

running water = water which is running

• 自來水，活水

發(fā)出 / 承受動作所處的狀態(tài)

正在進(jìn)行：現(xiàn)在分詞

• 正在做：doing
• 正在被做：being done

已完成：過去分詞

• 已完成、被動：done
• 已完成（vi. 無被動）：done

一個正在玩游戲的男孩

• a boy playing computer games

那個正在被監(jiān)視的男孩

• the boy being watched by a teacher

一個建于70年代的房子

• a house built in the 1970s

落葉

• fallen leaves

不定式

未完成

• 將來做︰to do
• 將來被做∶to be done

即將抵達(dá)的火車

• a train to arrive

一個明天要開展的會議

• a meeting to be held tomorrow

主動還是被動，這是一個問題

不定式to do作定語，如果句子里有人，許且是to do的動作發(fā)出者，用主動形式即可。

• l have a letter to write.
• l have much homework to do.
• Would you like something to drink？

不清楚動作發(fā)出者是誰，用被動語態(tài)

• l have a letter to be typed.
• 我有一封信要（被別人)打印。

帶還是不帶介詞，這是一個問題

你可以給我?guī)б粋€椅子坐嗎？

• Could you bring me a chair to sit on.

你可以帶給我一個坐的椅子嗎？

• l sit on the chair.

當(dāng)被修飾的名詞是time，place，reason，way等詞時，可以不帶介詞。

【知識鏈接】關(guān)系副詞where = in（at which，when=on /during which …）

我們找到了一個地方住。我們找到了一個去住的地方。

We found a place to live in.

• a place = in the cave
• live in the cave

不定時做主語

被修飾名詞前有序數(shù)詞、最高級、the very/only、any/no/all等限定詞或是不定代詞時，只能用不定式。

【知識鏈接】當(dāng)定語從句先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞、the only/the very、anything/ something等不定代詞…修飾時，關(guān)系代詞只能用that不能用which。

• She was always the first to come and the last to leave.
• He was the best man to do the job.
• Do you have anything to say？

被修飾名詞為ability / decision / plan / promise / chance / opportunity / right / courage等抽象名詞時，只能用不定式。

• l made a plan to memorize words every day.
• Her decision to break up with me is heartbreaking.

判斷方式：名詞is不定式

• The plan is to memorize words every day.
• The decision is to break up with me.

非謂語充當(dāng)名詞的定語，作為一個修飾成分。不需要特意強(qiáng)調(diào)一個動作先于另一個動作發(fā)生。非謂語作定語，無需使用完成式。

2??非謂語作狀語

1. To prevent puppy love，the teacher always arranges for beautiful girls to be his desk mate.
2. Having swallowed Little Red-Cap，the wolf went to bed and slept.
3. Singing "You don't know love，F(xiàn)a Hai", she threw the tortoise into the river.

不定式作狀語

①作目的狀語

• To make himself heard，he raised his voice.

④作意料之外的結(jié)果狀語

• He hurried home only to find his money stolen.
• He woke up (only) to find everybody gone.

③作形容詞后的原因狀語

• All of us are surprised to have been invited to the party.
• l was lucky enough to meet an outstanding teacher.

分詞作狀語

①時間狀語

• Having swallowed Little Red-Cap, the wolf went to bed and slept.

②結(jié)果狀語

• He fell from his bike, breaking his leg.

③原因狀語

• Not knowing her address, l wasn't able to contact her.

伴隨狀語

• She stayed at home, doing nothing.

主動還是被動，這是一個問題

非謂語作狀語，動作發(fā)出者（邏輯主語）一般就是句子的主語

• Seeing from the top of the mountain，I find the city more beautiful.
• Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is more beautiful.
• Seeing Mary crying，John asked her what was the matter with her.
• Seen from the top，the stadium looks like a bird nest.
• Compared with Japanese，English is easier to learn.
• Having finished his homework，Peter went out to play at once.
• Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.

1. The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
2. The time given is not enough.
3. —The road being built outside the school bothers the students a lot. —Actually, we don't know when it will be completed.
4. Alex hurried to her house, only to find that she had left half an hour before.
5. Walking on the street, she came across her idol.
6. Having spent all morning doing the experiment in the lab, John took ashort lunch break.