回顧問題不定期更新 Study Questions are Made by Prof. Cruz & Prof. Moore from Oberlin College & Conservatory?

Lecture 4: Cellular Respiration

1. Why is ATP called the currency of energy in living systems?

2.How is ATP like a ‘charged’ appliance, such as a cell phone or digital camera?

3.What is acetyl coenzyme A (acetylCoA)? What cellular macromolecule(s) is metabolized to produce acetylCoA in a cell?

4.How does glycolysis differ from the rest of the phases or stages of cellular respiration??

5.For each of the stages of cellular respiration discussed, indicate the

a) inputs, b) products, c) locale (in what cellular compartment it occurs), d) amount of ATP produced, e) manner of ATP production (substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation?), and f) if electrons are generated. Construct a table to compare these stages of, or steps in, cellular respiration.

6.Does cellular respiration occur in

a) bacteria? b) fungi? c) sea weed? d) pine trees? e) viruses? f) roses? g) freshly harvested ears of corn? h) yeast? i) your brain cells? j) anaerobic bacteria?

7.Describe the role of the electron carriers (electron ‘revolving doors,’ NAD and FAD) in cellular respiration.

Why are they called oxidizing agents?

8.What are the evolutionary benefits to a eukaryotic cell of having mitochondria? (An evolutionary benefit is an adaptation that renders an organism better able to survive. For example, having more than one membrane-bounded compartment is a tremendous evolutionary benefit to a eukaryotic cell because it opens up the possibility of different biochemical reactions and processes occurring at the same time in the same cytoplasm.)?

9.How does the fact that most anaerobic organisms alive today are bacteria indicate that the Earth’ s atmosphere once upon a time contained little or no oxygen?

10.So where did all this oxygen (21% by volume in the air around you) come from?

11. Identify or name human cell types that do not undertake cellular respiration.

FUN FACT:

Now you know: During physical exertion, the mitochondria in your muscle cells produce ATP by undergoing glycolysis. Because of intense physical activity, however, muscles are unable to obtain enough oxygen needed to undertake oxidative phosphorylation in a timely manner. Some of the 3-C products produced during glycolysis accumulate in muscle cells, such as lactic acid (rather than pyruvate), which has to be transported to liver cells where eventually it is converted into pyruvate. What do you suppose happens to this pyruvate? (Hint: the liver’s major function is detoxification, or chemical breakdown of toxins delivered received via blood.)

Oh, it’s an urban legend that lactic acid causes muscle soreness 24 hrs or so after vigorous exercise. This is because lactic acid is removed efficiently by blood and taken to the liver within ~60 minutes of being produced in muscle cells. Rather, the muscle soreness we attribute to intense exercise appears to be due to physical damage to the muscle cells themselves and the connective tissues that attach them to bones and to each other. Sounds like over-exertion can be damaging, huh?

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