Congress of Vienna 1815

Holy Alliance 1815

Troppau Protocol 1820

Conservative reaction:

King Ferdinand VII 1784-1833

Pope Leo XII 1760-1829

Carlsbad Decrees 1819

More liberal revolutions and more suppressions happened in Spain, France Belgium and Italy

In Russia:

Decembrists; Grand Duke Constantine 1779-1831; Czar Nicholas I 1796-1855, The Third Section

Balkins:

Alexander Ypsilanti 1792-1828

Treaty of Adrianople 1829

Crimean War 1853-1856

The Revolution of 1848

The hungry 40s

A new Germany

Professor's Parliament

King Frederick William IV 1795-1861

Italy: Risorgimento

Giuseppe Mazzini 1805-1872

King Charles Albert 1798-1849

Austria-Hungary

Emperor Ferdinand 1793-1875

March Laws

Lajos Kossuth 1802-1894

Emperor Franz Josef 1830-1916

The failure of revolutions in 1848:

1. liberalism and nationalism were important and viable movements in central and southern Europe.
2. The fact they all failed except for France told us the Ancient Regime still had a great deal of residual strength.
3. There was little unity on the revolution side. They fled to America to influence a more radical agenda.
4. Before the liberal peace could be solved, the national peace had to be solved.
5. The hopes for national unity began to focus on a king or a great leader, which could hardly lead to a liberal democracies.
6. German and Italian unification depended on what happened in Austro-Hungarian Empire.