中英對(duì)照精譯注釋 | 華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)的光伏焦慮
譯者按：
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The first solar panels were invented in America in 1954. Yet it's been China that's been better able to capitalize on the technology.
??? 第一塊太陽(yáng)能電池板于1954年在美國(guó)北發(fā)明。然而，中國(guó)更好地利用了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)。
“China was one of the first countries to realize the potential of solar panels. China actually took it and really commercialized it at a large scale.”
“中國(guó)是最早一批認(rèn)識(shí)到太陽(yáng)能電池板潛力的國(guó)家之一。中國(guó)真正認(rèn)識(shí)到了（其潛能），并且使其真正大規(guī)模商業(yè)化?！?/p>
——SHA HUA 《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》記者
? ? ?Now, China controls over 80 % of the global solar panel supply chain, while the United States manufactures virtually none of the required components for solar panel production.?
? ? ?如今，中國(guó)控制著全球超過(guò)80%的太陽(yáng)能電池板供應(yīng)鏈，而美國(guó)幾乎沒(méi)有制造任何太陽(yáng)能電池板所需的材料。
數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源：
International Energy Agency國(guó)際能源署?
總部位于巴黎的獨(dú)立國(guó)際組織，其成員目前有30個(gè)（主要是西方國(guó)家；不含中國(guó)），占全球能源消耗的80%以上。
? ? ?So, to effectively compete with China in solar panel manufacturing, the US is prioritizing building up its supply chain, basically from scratch.?
? ? ?因此，為了有效地與中國(guó)在太陽(yáng)能電池板制造領(lǐng)域競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，美國(guó)正在優(yōu)先建設(shè)自己的供應(yīng)鏈，這基本上是從零開(kāi)始。
??? Today, the US has less than half of the solar capacity that China does and of the solar panels that are installed in the US, nearly four out of five of them are from Chinese companies.
????? 如今，美國(guó)的太陽(yáng)能容量不到中國(guó)的一半。而在美國(guó)安裝的太陽(yáng)能電池板當(dāng)中，有五分之四都來(lái)自中國(guó)公司。
數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源：
Coalition for a Prosperous America?
2007年成立于美國(guó)的非營(yíng)利組織，旨在推動(dòng)保護(hù)提升美國(guó)制造業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的施行。
“China has such a head start when it comes to solar panel manufacturing is because they dominate the entire global supply chain.”
“中國(guó)在太陽(yáng)能電池板制造方面擁有如此巨大的領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢(shì)，這是因?yàn)樗麄冎鲗?dǎo)了整個(gè)全球供應(yīng)鏈?！?/p>
——SHA HUA 《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》記者
??? That's because in recent years, China has spent almost 10 times as much on solar manufacturing than the US and the EU combined and of the world's Top ten largest solar manufacturers.
? ? 這是因?yàn)?，近年?lái)，中國(guó)在太陽(yáng)能領(lǐng)域的投入幾乎是美國(guó)和歐盟總和的十倍，且全球十大最大太陽(yáng)能制造商中大部分來(lái)自中國(guó)。
2022 全球十大太陽(yáng)能制造商
隆基綠能 LONGi Green Energy Technology Co., Ltd. （中國(guó)）
天合光能 Trina Solar Co., Ltd. （中國(guó)）
晶科能源 JinkoSolar Holding Co., Ltd. （中國(guó)）
晶澳太陽(yáng)能 JA Solar Holdings Co., Ltd.（中國(guó)）
Canadian Solar Inc. （加拿大）
韓華集團(tuán) Hanwha Q. CELLS Co., Ltd.（韓國(guó)）
東方日升 Risen Energy Co., Ltd.（中國(guó)）
正泰新能 Astronergy Co., Ltd.（中國(guó)）
First Solar, Inc.（美國(guó)）
尚德電力 Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd.
（中國(guó)）
數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源：
BlackRidge Technology?
總部位于美國(guó)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全公司，主要強(qiáng)項(xiàng)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)訪問(wèn)的身份控制技術(shù)。
?? Seven are Chinese, only one is American. That stark difference plays out in each country's energy mix.?
????其中七個(gè)是中國(guó)企業(yè)，只有一個(gè)來(lái)自美國(guó)。這種明顯的差異在兩國(guó)的能源結(jié)構(gòu)中得到了體現(xiàn)。
? ??According to the EIA solar energy makes up 12 % of China's toll. Total electricity generation capacity. Yet it only makes up about 3.4% of the us is total electricity generation capacity.
????據(jù)美國(guó)能源信息署的數(shù)據(jù)，太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電在中國(guó)的總發(fā)電量中占12%，而在美國(guó)的總發(fā)電量?jī)H占3.4%左右。
數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源：
U.S. Energy Information Administration
美國(guó)能源信息署 ——主要職責(zé)是分析、收集、傳播能源相關(guān)信息
譯者注
“發(fā)電容量”是指最大發(fā)電能力（特定條件下能夠輸出的最大電量）；
而“發(fā)電量”指的是實(shí)際輸出的電量（受到需求、設(shè)備維護(hù)、天氣、設(shè)備老化等影響而低于發(fā)電容量）
“It was really this idea that they were just gonna shoot for the moon and go big. That has huge implications and dragged, frankly, the rest of the world into this clean energy as a real option, not a play thing.”
“（發(fā)展和推廣光伏）這個(gè)想法真正的意義在于，他們（中國(guó)）想要一舉沖刺并且做大。這對(duì)于環(huán)保親別能源的推進(jìn)有著重要意義，并且直截了當(dāng)?shù)刈屖澜缙渌麌?guó)家認(rèn)識(shí)到這（光伏）不再是玩物，而是真家伙?！?/p>
——Scott Sklar, Stella集團(tuán)（歐洲戶(hù)外門(mén)窗和遮陽(yáng)設(shè)施生產(chǎn)商）總裁
? ? But one key area where the us has an advantage is silica sand. The primary mineral used for solar generation. It exports about $470 million worth of the mineral. China is the world's largest importer of silica sand, importing it mainly from the United States, Australia and Indonesia.
?? ?? 但美國(guó)在一個(gè)關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域擁有優(yōu)勢(shì)：硅砂——太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電所用的首要礦產(chǎn)資源。（美國(guó)）出口了大約價(jià)值4.7億美元的硅砂，而中國(guó)是世界最大的硅砂進(jìn)口國(guó)，主要從美國(guó)、澳大利亞和印度尼西亞進(jìn)口。
數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源：
Observatory of Economic Complexity
經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)雜性觀察臺(tái) （由哈佛大學(xué)國(guó)際發(fā)展研究中心開(kāi)發(fā)維護(hù)的在線平臺(tái)。）
譯者注
“硅砂”指的是石英礦石經(jīng)過(guò)破碎和篩分處理得到的粒狀物，二氧化硅含量超過(guò)95%，且顆粒形狀較為均勻（便于進(jìn)一步加工），并不是普通的沙子。
??? To make a panel, silica sand needs to be refined to create purified silicon, which is shaped into ingots and sliced into thin wafers.?
????要制造太陽(yáng)能電池板，硅砂需要被精煉成純化硅，然后被塑形為錠，再被切成薄片。
? ? ?The wafers are cut into cells, and panel manufacturers then assemble the cells in a frame and add circuitry to create a finished module or panel.?
??? 然后，薄片被切成電池單元，然后電池板制造商將這些單元組裝進(jìn)框架內(nèi)，再添加電路以制成發(fā)電模塊或光伏面板。
??? But even though the United States has the raw materials, it has no manufacturers of silicon wafers, or cells used for solar panel production.
????? 但是，盡管美國(guó)擁有原材料，卻沒(méi)有生產(chǎn)光伏面板所需的硅晶薄片和電池單元的生產(chǎn)商。
“Manufacturing isn't just some Lego play, right? It's about figuring out how to do something quicker, more efficiently, better than others.”
“制造不僅僅是一種樂(lè)高游戲，對(duì)吧？它是關(guān)于如何比其他人更快、更高效、更好地完成某件事?！?br>
——SHA HUA 《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》記者
? ? ?Because China is able to produce solar panels at a significantly lower cost in global markets. The few us solar manufacturers that do exist heavily rely on importing components exclusive to China and then assembling them domestically.
? ? ? 由于中國(guó)能夠以全球市場(chǎng)中顯著的低成本生產(chǎn)太陽(yáng)能電池板，本就不多的、美國(guó)的太陽(yáng)能電池板制造商嚴(yán)重依賴(lài)于進(jìn)口直郵中國(guó)才有的零部件，然后在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)組裝太陽(yáng)能電池板。
“The U.S.'s Struggle to Wean Itself From Chinese Solar Power”
“美國(guó)減少對(duì)中國(guó)太陽(yáng)能的依賴(lài)的掙扎?！?br>
—— 《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》2022年11月15日標(biāo)題
“The reason China has been able to bring down costs, action and sustain quality of solar panels. They decided that they were going to build bigger plants, much bigger in size than the United States had. In the early days. They incorporated new manufacturing approaches, including robotics. They were so much larger with so much less human interaction that they were able to scale up.”
“中國(guó)之所以能夠降低太陽(yáng)能電池板的成本，并且保證面板質(zhì)量，（是因?yàn)椋┧麄儧Q定建造比美國(guó)規(guī)模大得多的工廠。在早期，他們采用了新的制造方法，包括機(jī)器人技術(shù)。由于他們規(guī)模更大，人員參與更少，他們能夠大規(guī)模地?cái)U(kuò)產(chǎn)?！?/p>
——Scott Sklar, Stella集團(tuán)（歐洲戶(hù)外門(mén)窗和遮陽(yáng)設(shè)施生產(chǎn)商）總裁
“And this is actually China's real skill how to make things and make it commercially viable and then cheap and accessible.”
“這事實(shí)上是中國(guó)真正的技能——如何制造東西，以及使其在商業(yè)上具有可行性，然后使其便宜且易得?！?br>
——SHA HUA 《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》記者
“The Inflation Reduction? Act is also the most significant investment ever. And climate change.”
“《通貨膨脹減少法案》也是有史以來(lái)最重要的在氣候變化方面的投資?！?/p>
——Joe Biden 發(fā)文時(shí)（2022年7月21日）任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)
譯者注
《通貨膨脹減少法案》“IRA”是美國(guó)2022年8月16日通過(guò)的法案，希望通過(guò)降低聯(lián)邦赤字、降低處方藥價(jià)格（避免醫(yī)保支出過(guò)高）、發(fā)展本土能源產(chǎn)業(yè)和推進(jìn)清潔能源，來(lái)緩解美國(guó)面臨的嚴(yán)重通貨膨脹。
? ? The inflation reduction act passed in August 2022, hopes to accelerate the transition to a clean energy economy. For solar manufacturing, that means incentives for boosting panel installations and tax credits for manufacturing solar components in the United States.
????2022年8月通過(guò)的“通貨膨脹減少法案”（IRA）希望加速向清潔能源經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)變。對(duì)于太陽(yáng)能制造業(yè)而言，這意味著為提高光伏面板的安裝量提高激勵(lì)措施，以及為在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)制造太陽(yáng)能設(shè)備組件提供稅收抵免。
“We in the US have never had really industrial policy to support that kind of manufacturing, right? It's only now with the Inflation Reduction? Act that we have the kind of domestic industrial policy that will support solar, manufacturing and storage manufacturing here in the us.”
“我們?cè)诿绹?guó)從來(lái)沒(méi)有真正的支持這類(lèi)制造業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，對(duì)嗎？直到現(xiàn)在IRA法案出臺(tái)，我們美國(guó)才有了一種能夠支持太陽(yáng)能制造和儲(chǔ)能設(shè)備的國(guó)內(nèi)工業(yè)政策?！?br>
——Sean Gallagher （美國(guó)）太陽(yáng)能產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)（于1974年成立于美國(guó)的非營(yíng)利組織，試圖代表全美太陽(yáng)能行業(yè)的利益）政策高級(jí)副總裁
? ? Already, the Inflation Reduction Act has LED first solar, the biggest solar panel maker in the us to spend $1.2 billion to increase its us manufacturing capacity by 75 %.
????已經(jīng)發(fā)生的是，IRA已經(jīng)讓“First Solar”公司——美國(guó)最大的太陽(yáng)能光伏面板制造商投入了12億美元將其在美國(guó)的制造能力增加了75%。
“If we're going to continue to scale up the industry, in order to address the climate crisis, we need to bring more than manufacturing home and we're doing it.”
“如果我們要繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大這個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)以應(yīng)對(duì)氣候危機(jī)，我們需要將更多的產(chǎn)業(yè)帶回國(guó)內(nèi)，并且我們正在做這件事。”
——Sean Gallagher （美國(guó)）太陽(yáng)能產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)（于1974年成立于美國(guó)的非營(yíng)利組織，試圖代表全美太陽(yáng)能行業(yè)的利益）政策高級(jí)副總裁
? ? ?But because China is ahead by so much, there is debate whether the us should try to invest money in the sector.
? ? ?但是由于中國(guó)已經(jīng)領(lǐng)先了太多，人們對(duì)美國(guó)是否應(yīng)該嘗試在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域投資存在爭(zhēng)議。
“The United States may not be able to actually really catch up with China as much as that. It may just be able to onshore some of the skills so that it can do it itself.”
“美國(guó)可能不能夠達(dá)到真正迎頭趕上中國(guó)那樣的程度，它可能只能將一些技能重新弄回國(guó)內(nèi)，以便能自行生產(chǎn)（光伏設(shè)備）?！?br>
——SHA HUA 《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》記者
“I remind people that energy is used in everything we do, our electricity, our transportation, our infrastructure, our communications, our agriculture, everything.”
“我提醒人們，能源被用在我們所做的一切事情中。我們的電力、交通、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、通訊和農(nóng)業(yè)，所有的事情?！?br>
——Scott Sklar, Stella集團(tuán)（歐洲戶(hù)外門(mén)窗和遮陽(yáng)設(shè)施生產(chǎn)商）總裁
