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【簡譯】厄爾士山脈的歷史與礦業(yè)文化

2023-03-22 11:54 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

The Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) on the border between Germany and the Czech Republic is a region rich in history and culture connected to the mining industry. For centuries the cities on both sides of the mountain range had sustained themselves and flourished by the extraction of tin, copper, zinc, uranium, and most importantly silver. Even though the mines are now closed the mining culture and heritage is still widely celebrated and visible for visitors, with the hammer and chisel motif on many buildings in the different mining towns.

? ? ? ? ? 位于德國和捷克共和國邊境的厄爾士山脈（Erzgebirge）是一個與采礦業(yè)相關(guān)的歷史和文化豐富的地區(qū)。幾個世紀以來，山脈兩邊的城市一直靠開采錫、銅、鋅、鈾以及最重要的銀來維持生存和繁榮。盡管礦場現(xiàn)已關(guān)閉，但采礦文化和遺址廣受贊譽，游客仍可以參觀，不同采礦城鎮(zhèn)的許多建筑上都有錘子和鑿子的圖案。

The rich mining heritage of the region was recently inscribed on the UNESCO world heritage list (July 2019 CE), with sites on both sides of the border. On the German side, in the Free State of Saxony, the cities of Freiberg and Annaberg-Buchholz has much to offer in educating visitors about the mining industry, both from the Middle Ages and more recent times and how this intensive industry shaped the lives and culture of the people living there. A visit is definitely recommended for anyone interested in mining history, early industrialization or for those who seek to experience an authentic German Christmas market.

? ? ? ? ? 該地區(qū)豐富的礦業(yè)遺產(chǎn)最近被列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織的世界遺產(chǎn)名錄（公元2019年7月），邊界兩側(cè)都有遺址。在德國一側(cè)的薩克森自由州，弗萊貝格和安娜貝格-布赫霍爾茨這兩個城市可以為游客提供很多關(guān)于采礦業(yè)的知識，包括中世紀和近代的采礦業(yè)，以及這一密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)如何塑造了生活在那里的人們的生活與文化。對于那些對采礦歷史、早期工業(yè)化感興趣的人，或者那些想體驗正宗德國圣誕市場的人，我們絕對推薦他們?nèi)⒂^。

弗萊貝格

Freiberg, a one-hour train ride from Dresden, traces its history back to 1168 CE. At that time the forest region was under the control of the Margrave of Meissen. A silver ore was discovered close to the small settlement Christiandorf and lead to the establishment of the city of Freiberg, which got its name from the mining rights belonging to the “free miner”. The mining industry became a very important source of income for the Margrave of Meissen, Otto II (r. c. 1156-1190 CE), known later as Otto the Rich. A large statue of the town's 'founder' can now be seen at the main square of the historic city center. Freiberg's importance and wealth increased rapidly after the discovery of silver, and it remained the economic center and mint of Saxony until the 16th century CE. The mining industry continued in the Freiberg region for 800 years until the mines were finally closed in 1968 CE.

? ? ? ? ? 弗萊貝格距德累斯頓僅一小時火車車程，其歷史可追溯到公元 1168 年。當時，森林地區(qū)處于邁森侯爵的控制之下。人們在克里斯蒂安多夫（Christiandorf）這個小定居點附近發(fā)現(xiàn)了銀礦，促使了弗萊貝格市的建立，該城市的名字來自于屬于“自由礦工”的采礦權(quán)。采礦業(yè)成為邁森侯爵奧托二世（約公元1156-1190年）一個非常重要的收入來源，他后來被稱為富翁奧托?，F(xiàn)在可以在歷史悠久的市中心的主廣場看到該鎮(zhèn)“創(chuàng)始人”的大型雕像。發(fā)現(xiàn)白銀后，弗萊貝格的重要性和財富迅速增加，直到公元16世紀，它一直是薩克森州的經(jīng)濟中心和鑄幣廠。采礦業(yè)在弗萊貝格地區(qū)持續(xù)了800年，直到 1968 年礦山最終關(guān)閉。

Today Freiberg is a lively and charming city with many exciting sites to see, amongst other the Town Hall from the 15th century CE, and the Cathedral of St. Mary, first contracted in 1180 CE as a Romanesque Basilica, the current building dates to c. 1500 CE. On the south side of the cathedral, you can visit a part of the old church, The Golden Gate, a richly ornamented sandstone portal from 1230 CE.

? ? ? ? ? 今天的弗萊貝格是一個充滿活力和魅力的城市，擁有許多令人興奮的景點，其中包括公元15世紀的市政廳，以及圣瑪麗大教堂。這座大教堂最初是羅馬式建筑，建于公元 1180 年，現(xiàn)存的建筑可以追溯到公元1500年左右。在大教堂的南側(cè)，您可以參觀老教堂金門的一部分，這是一個建于公元 1230 年的裝飾華麗的砂巖門戶。

Even though the town was destroyed by fire several times and suffered during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648 CE), much of the medieval town is still standing. Walking around in the historic center, one architectural feature is especially remarkable: the Gothic patrician houses with very high and steep pitched roof constructions. The main square, Obermakt, is definitely worth a visit, where you will see both the statue of Otto the Rich and the beautiful Town Hall. On the north side of the square, you can also marvel at a gate with intricate carvings depicturing the miners hard at work.

? ? ? ? ? 盡管這座小鎮(zhèn)在三十年戰(zhàn)爭（公元 1618-1648 年）期間多次被大火燒毀并遭受重創(chuàng)，但這座中世紀小鎮(zhèn)的大部分地區(qū)仍然屹立不倒。漫步在歷史中心，有一個建筑特點特別引人注目：哥特式貴族房屋的屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)非常高且陡峭。小鎮(zhèn)主廣場Obermakt絕對值得一游，在那里你可以看到富翁奧托的雕像和美麗的市政廳。在廣場的北側(cè)，你還可以看到一扇大門，上面有復雜的雕刻，描繪了礦工們辛勤工作的情景，令人驚嘆。

It is impossible to visit this city without being drawn towards the rich mining history and culture. To learn more, visitors are recommended to spend a couple of hours in the Freiberg City and Mining Museum. Located in a stunning late Gothic building, it is one of Saxony's oldest museums, established in 1861 CE. The museum is filled with tools, art, photographs, and other objects connected to work in the mines throughout the ages or the culture that flourished thanks to the mining industry. In addition, no one should leave without a visit to the Freudenstein Castle, where the mineral exhibition Terra Mineralia is on display with over 3,500 minerals, precious stones, and meteorites. The exhibition is presented by the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world, and is a real treasure trove filled with gems from all over the world.

? ? ? ? ? ?訪問這座城市，不可能不被豐富的采礦歷史和文化所吸引。為了了解更多，建議游客在弗萊貝格城市和礦業(yè)博物館花上幾個小時。它位于一座令人驚嘆的晚期哥特式建筑中，是薩克森州最古老的博物館之一，成立于公元1861年。博物館里擺滿了工具、藝術(shù)品、照片和其他與歷代礦場工作或因采礦業(yè)而繁榮的文化有關(guān)的物品。此外，游客們都應該去弗羅伊登施泰因城堡（Schloss Freudenstein）參觀，那里的礦物博物館展出了超過3500種礦物、寶石和隕石。該展覽由世界上最古老的礦業(yè)和冶金大學弗萊貝格工業(yè)大學(Bergakademie Freiberg)舉辦，是一個真正的寶庫，里面裝滿了來自世界各地的寶石。

安娜貝格-布赫霍爾茨

To learn more about the rich mining heritage of the region the next stop of any traveler should be Annaberg-Bucholtz. Annaberg is named after St. Anne the patron of miners and was founded when silver was found there towards the end of the 15th century CE. The city flourished due to the riches that the mines brought, and the culture and heritage are still prominent all around when walking the scenic and steep streets of the medieval town. As in Freiberg, there is a museum about the city's history and its deep connection to mining, the Ore Mountains Museum. Also quite old, as it was established in 1887 CE, this is a place to learn more not only about the life of the miners but also the old craft of the pewterers, potters, and passementerie makers.

? ? ? ? ? 要想進一步了解該地區(qū)豐富的采礦遺產(chǎn)，任何旅行者的下一站都應該是安娜貝格-布赫霍爾茨。安娜貝格是以礦工的守護神圣安妮(St. Anne)命名的，建于公元 15 世紀末，當時在那里發(fā)現(xiàn)了白銀。這座城市因礦山帶來的財富而蓬勃發(fā)展，走在中世紀小鎮(zhèn)風景秀麗的陡峭街道上時，文化和遺產(chǎn)仍然隨處可見。與弗萊貝格一樣，這里有一座博物館，講述這座城市的歷史及其與采礦業(yè)的深厚聯(lián)系，即厄爾士山脈博物館。這座博物館也相當古老，因為它建立于公元1887年，在這里不僅可以了解到礦工的生活，還可以了解錫匠、陶工和裝飾品制造商的古老工藝。

A must-see is the St. Anne's Church on top of one of these steep streets. It is a late Gothic Hall church built between 1499 and 1525 CE, beautifully decorated and famous for its clear connection to the strong mining culture in the region. One example of this connection is the miner depicted at the lowest staircase on the pulpit – not a typical religious image!

? ? ? ? ? 必看景點是位于這些陡峭街道之一頂部的圣安妮教堂。這是一座建于公元 1499 年至 1525 年之間的晚期哥特式大廳教堂，裝飾精美，以與該地區(qū)濃厚的采礦文化有著明顯的聯(lián)系而聞名。這種聯(lián)系的一個例子是講壇上最底層樓梯上描繪的礦工——這不是典型的宗教形象！

Further, the mining heritage is most evident on the backside of the Annaberg Mountain Altar, which, in 2019 CE, was listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a part of the Ore Mountain Mining Region. Painted by Hans Hesse (1470-1539 CE), the altar depicts the different types of work done in or in connection to the mines. It is fascinating to study the painting and imagining all the men (and few women) who spent their lives in and around the mines for centuries. Today, hard labor in the complete darkness for hours and the dangerous conditions are almost incomprehensible for most people.

? ? ? ? ? 此外，采礦遺產(chǎn)在安納伯格山祭壇的背面最為明顯，該祭壇于公元 2019 年作為厄爾山礦區(qū)的一部分被列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。由漢斯·黑塞（Hans Hesse，公元 1470-1539 年）繪制的祭壇描繪了在礦山中或與礦山相關(guān)的不同類型的工作。研究這幅畫并想象幾個世紀以來在礦山及其周圍度過一生的所有男人（和少數(shù)女人）是一件很有趣的事情。今天，在完全黑暗中數(shù)小時的艱苦勞動和危險的條件對大多數(shù)人來說幾乎是無法理解的。

A little walk from the church and the town center, you can visit the Frohnauer Hammer Museum, located in the Frohnauer village, now a part of Annaberg-Buchholz. The most exciting part of the museum is a preserved hammer forge where you can experience what an authentic 17-18th-century CE hammer forge looked liked. With burning torches and the sound of the waterwheel in the background, you can see what tools and machines were used to shape and forge the metals from the mines into coins, tools, and more.

? ? ? ? ??從教堂和鎮(zhèn)中心步行不遠，您可以參觀位于Frohnauer 村的Frohnauer Hammer博物館，該村現(xiàn)在是安娜貝格-布赫霍爾茨的一部分。博物館最令人興奮的部分是一個保存完好的錘鍛爐，您可以在那里體驗真正的 17-18 世紀 CE 錘鍛爐的樣子。在燃燒的火把和背景的水車聲中，您可以看到使用了哪些工具和機器將礦山中的金屬塑造和鍛造成硬幣、工具等。

Visiting the forge is an absolutely magical experience, where you really feel like you have traveled back in time. On the other side of the street, you can also visit the manor house of the owner of the forge, which is also preserved with its 18th-century CE interior. Here you can learn about another important aspect of Ore Mountain culture and tradition: bobbin lace making. Bobbin lace making was introduced to the region by the 16th-century CE entrepreneur Barbara Uthman (1514-1575 CE) and became an important source of income for the region next to mining. In addition, there is also a section of the museum dedicated to the folk art of carving and art connected to mining.

? ? ? ? ? 參觀鍛造廠絕對是一種神奇的體驗，在這里你真的會感覺到你已經(jīng)回到了過去。在街道的另一邊，你還可以參觀鍛造廠廠主的莊園，它也保留了18世紀的內(nèi)部裝修。在這里，你可以了解到厄爾士礦山文化和傳統(tǒng)的另一個重要方面：梭芯花邊（bobbin lace，筒管花邊）制作。16 世紀的企業(yè)家芭芭拉·烏斯曼（公元 1514-1575 年）將梭芯花邊制作引入該地區(qū)，并成為該地區(qū)僅次于采礦的重要收入來源。此外，博物館還有一部分專門展示民間雕刻藝術(shù)和與采礦有關(guān)的藝術(shù)。

探訪礦區(qū)

After learning so much about mining culture, no visit to the Ore Mountains would be complete without actually entering a mine. In the Annaberg-Buchholz area, you can visit the Markus Rohling Stolln Visitor Mine. This mine was active in the silver and cobalt industry from 1733 to 1857 CE, and later in the uranium industry under SAG Wismut. After getting your helmet and proper gear, the mine tram will take you 600 meters into the mine. Here you will be given a guided tour, showing the different techniques and tools that had been used over time from candles and hammer and chisel to automatic drills and dynamite. When the hammer and chisel were used, it was normal to cut out approximately 3 cm of rock each day – that is not a lot when you have been hammering all you got all day! It makes you wonder where these miners got their motivation.

? ? ? ? ? 在了解了如此多的礦業(yè)文化之后，如果不真正進入一個礦場，就不能算是完整的礦山之行。在安娜貝格-布赫霍爾茨地區(qū)，你可以參觀Markus Rohling Stolln游客礦區(qū)。這個礦場在公元1733年至1857年期間服務于銀和鈷工業(yè)，后來在SAG Wismut的領導下服務于鈾工業(yè)。拿到頭盔和適當?shù)难b備后，礦山電車將帶您進入礦山 600 米。在這里，您將在導游的帶領下參觀，展示隨著時間的推移使用的不同技術(shù)和工具，從蠟燭、錘子和鑿子到自動鉆和炸藥。當使用錘子和鑿子時，每天鑿出大約 3 厘米的巖石是正常的——當你一整天都在錘擊時，這并不多！這讓你想知道這些礦工的動力來自哪里。

As the different sections of the mine are dedicated to different time periods it is fascinating to track the development of the industry and the progressively advanced machinery. You will also get to see the advanced waterwheel and pump system that was constructed to keep the rising water out of the mines. Today much of the lower levels are underwater, but the waterwheel is functioning, and if you are lucky, they might turn it on so you can get a real sense of how it works.

? ? ? ? ?由于礦井的不同部分是針對不同時期的，因此追蹤行業(yè)的發(fā)展和日益先進的機械是一件很有趣的事情。你還可以看到先進的水輪和水泵系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)是為了防止礦井中的水上升而建造的。今天，下層的大部分地方都在水下，但水車仍在運作，如果你幸運的話，他們可能會把它打開，這樣你就能真正感受到它是如何運作的。

An alternative mine to visit is the exhibition mine in Freiberg, Silber Bergwerk Freiberg, where guided tours take you 60-180 meters underground. This mine offers the full package with helmets, boots, and coveralls, and you will travel down in the Reiche Zeche shaft with a tiny cage elevator in complete darkness. You can choose from different tours, focusing on different time periods and sections of the large complex called “underground Freiberg”. You will learn both about the different metals found here and the different mining techniques, as well as stories and myths connected to the dangerous life in the dark underground. A visit to this mine is especially interesting because it is still an active mine, even though the mining for mineral has stopped. Students and academics of the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg continue to conduct research here, and they even have a classroom over 100 meters underground! On your way through the narrow passageways, you might meet a geologist or physicist carrying instruments and tools, making this mine feel more alive.

? ? ? ? ? 另一個值得參觀的礦山是弗萊貝格的展覽礦山Silber Bergwerk Freiberg，在導游的帶領下，你可以在地下60-180米處參觀。這個礦場提供全套服務，包括頭盔、靴子和工作服，你將在完全黑暗的環(huán)境中通過一個小小的籠式電梯在Reiche Zeche井下行走。您可以選擇不同的游覽路線，重點關(guān)注稱為“地下弗萊貝格”的大型建筑群的不同時間段分區(qū)。您將了解這里發(fā)現(xiàn)的不同金屬和不同的采礦技術(shù)，以及與黑暗地下危險生活相關(guān)的故事和神話。參觀這個礦場特別有趣，因為它仍然是一個活躍的礦場，盡管礦物的開采已經(jīng)停止。弗萊貝格工業(yè)大學的學生和學者們繼續(xù)在這里進行研究，他們甚至在地下100多米處有一個教室。在穿過狹窄的通道時，你可能會遇到攜帶儀器和工具的地質(zhì)學家或物理學家，這讓礦井充滿生機。

厄爾士山脈的圣誕節(jié)

Elaborate Christmas markets are becoming increasingly popular all over Europe and beyond, but the original and most authentic ones can be found in Germany. The Christmas markets in the Ore Mountains are wonderful to visit not only because of their authenticity but also because the Christmas traditions are so strongly linked to the mining culture of the region. Christmas traditions from this little part of the world are now an integrated part of most Europeans' Christmas decorations, and the region is even referred to as the “Home of Christmas”. The most visible mining element of the Ore Mountains is the Mettenschicht, the miners' parade. The Mettenschicht is a celebration of the miners' last shift before Christmas and is celebrated with traditional food, music, and people dressing up in miner uniforms.

? ? ? ? ? 精心設計的圣誕市場在整個歐洲和其他地區(qū)越來越受歡迎，但最原始和最正宗的圣誕市場可以在德國找到。厄爾士山脈的圣誕市場非常值得一游，不僅因為它們的真實性，還因為圣誕節(jié)傳統(tǒng)與該地區(qū)的采礦文化息息相關(guān)。來自這個小地方的圣誕傳統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為大多數(shù)歐洲人圣誕裝飾的組成部分，該地區(qū)甚至被稱為“圣誕之鄉(xiāng)”。厄爾士山脈最明顯的采礦元素是Mettenschicht，即礦工的游行隊伍。Mettenschicht是慶祝礦工在圣誕節(jié)前的最后一次輪班，人們穿上礦工制服，吃著傳統(tǒng)的食物，享受著傳統(tǒng)音樂，來慶祝這場盛大的節(jié)日。

The wooden Christmas figures that now are crucial for a proper Christmas were first made in these mountains. Wood carvings, in the form of toys, pyramids, and nutcrackers are on display all over towns such as Freiberg and Annaberg around Christmas. The carving tradition has a long history and is also linked to the mining culture of the region. From the 16th century CE, the miners who lost their jobs in unstable periods had to earn money some other way. They then started to use their delicate hand skills learned in the mines to carve wooden figures with motifs often linked to life in the mines or special celebrations such as Christmas. It became an important aspect of Erzgebirge folk art and is now a crucial part of the Christmas traditions in the region and many other places around the world. A special type of wooden figure is especially fascinating; the smoking man. The smoking man is hollow so that you can put incense there, and the smoke will come out of his open mouth so that it looks like he is puffing his pipe.

? ? ? ? ? 現(xiàn)在對于圣誕節(jié)至關(guān)重要的木制圣誕人物最初是在這些山區(qū)制作的。在圣誕節(jié)前后，玩具、金字塔和胡桃夾子等形式的木雕作品在弗萊貝格和安娜貝格等城鎮(zhèn)到處展出。雕刻傳統(tǒng)有著悠久的歷史，也與該地區(qū)的采礦文化有關(guān)。從公元16世紀開始，在不穩(wěn)定時期失去工作的礦工們不得不通過其他方式賺錢。于是，他們開始使用在礦山中學到的精湛手藝來雕刻木制人物，其圖案通常與礦山生活或圣誕節(jié)等特殊慶?；顒佑嘘P(guān)。這成為厄爾士山脈民間藝術(shù)的一個重要方面，現(xiàn)在是該地區(qū)和世界上許多其他地方圣誕節(jié)傳統(tǒng)的一個重要組成部分。有一種特殊類型的木制人物特別吸引人：吸煙者。吸煙者是中空的，所以你可以把香放在那里，煙會從他張開的嘴里冒出來，這樣看起來就像他在吸煙斗。

The celebration of light has always been an important part of Christmas traditions in the northern hemisphere because of its connection to the earlier tradition of celebrating the winter solstice and the return of the sun. However, in the mining region, the focus on light is especially prominent as it was the most sought after 'luxury' amongst the miners. During winter times the miners did not see light except on Sundays if the weather was nice when they went to church. Christmas thus became the time to celebrate light and provide a colorful, warm, and cozy atmosphere for the miners who were most of the time surrounded by cold darkness. When you visit these incredible Christmas markets, the wonderful and magical atmosphere with a focus on lights also stems from the deep darkness of the mines.

? ? ? ? ? 慶祝光明一直是北半球圣誕節(jié)傳統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，因為它與早期慶祝冬至和太陽回歸的傳統(tǒng)有關(guān)。然而，在礦區(qū)，對光的關(guān)注尤為突出，因為它是礦工中最受追捧的“奢侈品”。在冬季，除了周日天氣好的時候去教堂，礦工們幾乎看不到光。因此，圣誕節(jié)成為慶祝光明的時刻，并為大部分時間被寒冷黑暗包圍的礦工們提供一個多彩、溫暖、舒適的氛圍。當你參觀這些令人難以置信的圣誕市場時，以燈光為主的美妙而神奇的氣氛也源于礦區(qū)的深沉黑暗。