【簡譯】卡迭石（Kadesh）

2023-10-25 17:38 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

Kadesh was a city in the region of Syria and an important center of trade in the ancient world. It is probably best known as the site of the famous battle between Pharaoh Rameses II (The Great, 1279-1213 BCE) of Egypt and King Muwatalli II (1295-1272 BCE) of the Hittite Empire in 1274 BCE.

? ? ? ? ? 卡迭石是古敘利亞地區(qū)的一座城市，也是古代世界重要的貿(mào)易中心之一。公元前 1274 年，埃及法老拉美西斯二世（公元前 1279-1213 年）與赫梯帝國國王穆瓦塔里二世（公元前 1295-1272 年）在此進(jìn)行了著名的戰(zhàn)役，卡迭石因此而聞名于世。

The Battle of Kadesh is the most thoroughly documented military engagement of ancient times in the Middle East with both antagonists claiming a decisive victory. For centuries the account given by Rameses II in his Poem of Pentaur and Bulletin (the two Egyptian sources we have for the battle) of a great Egyptian victory at Kadesh was taken as literal truth. Today, however, most historians regard these sources as more propaganda than an honest account of the events and the Battle of Kadesh is believed to have ended in a draw.

? ? ? ? ? 卡迭石戰(zhàn)役是古代中東地區(qū)記載最詳盡的軍事交戰(zhàn)，交戰(zhàn)雙方都聲稱取得了決定性勝利。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，拉美西斯二世在他的《Poem of Pentaur》和《Bulletin》（我們所掌握的關(guān)于這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役的兩份埃及資料）中關(guān)于埃及人在卡迭石大獲全勝的描述一直被視為事實(shí)。然而，今天大多數(shù)歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為這些資料更多的是出于宣傳目的，而不是對(duì)事件的真實(shí)描述，卡迭石戰(zhàn)役也被認(rèn)為以平局告終。

西奈半島東北部的Tell el-Qudeirat遺址被認(rèn)為是最好的卡迭石候選地點(diǎn)

戰(zhàn)役背景

The Hittites had long been making incursions into Egypt and had caused considerable trouble for the Pharaoh Thutmose III (1458-1425 BCE). Kadesh had been taken and held by the Egyptians under Seti I but the Hittites had reclaimed and fortified it. Ramesses II resolved to take lasting measures against the Hittites and drive them from his borders. A central advantage to be achieved in this campaign was the capture of Kadesh which, as noted, was a great center of commerce at the time. Reclaiming Kadesh would not only give Egypt free access to a hub of trade but would also enlarge the borders of Egypt's empire which had been greatly expanded under Thutmose III.

? ? ? ? ? 赫梯人長期以來一直攻擊埃及領(lǐng)土，給法老圖特摩斯三世（公元前 1458-1425 年）的統(tǒng)治帶來了不小的麻煩。法老塞提一世統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，埃及人曾攻占卡迭石，但赫梯人奪回并加固了該地。拉美西斯二世決心對(duì)赫梯人采取持久性策略，將他們趕出埃及邊境。如前所述，卡迭石是當(dāng)時(shí)一個(gè)重要的商業(yè)中心。奪回卡迭石不僅能讓埃及自由進(jìn)入貿(mào)易中心，還能擴(kuò)大圖特摩斯三世統(tǒng)治下的埃及王國的疆域。

Ramesses II (or, according to some scholars, his father Seti I) had commissioned a great city to be built in the Eastern Delta which Ramesses II named Per-Ramesses ("House of Ramesses" but also given as "City of Ramesses") which was part pleasure palace and part military industrial complex. The city had a number of factories manufacturing weapons, training grounds for men, horses, and chariots, and other industries producing necessary supplies for military expeditions.

? ? ? ? ? 拉美西斯二世（或根據(jù)一些學(xué)者的說法，他的父親塞提一世）曾下令在埃及東部三角洲建造一座大城，拉美西斯二世將其命名為 Per-Ramesses（“拉美西斯之家”，但也被稱為“拉美西斯城”），它既是一座享樂宮殿，也是一座軍事工業(yè)綜合體。這座城市有許多制造武器的工廠，人員、馬匹和戰(zhàn)車的訓(xùn)練場(chǎng)，以及生產(chǎn)軍事遠(yuǎn)征所需物資的其他設(shè)施。

In 1275 BCE, Ramesses II prepared his army to move and waited only for the interpretation of omens as auspicious to launch his forces. In 1274 BCE, the omens received, he drove his chariot through the gates of Per-Ramesses at the head of over 20,000 men divided into four divisions. He led the Amun division himself with the Re, Ptah, and Set divisions following.

? ? ? ? ? 公元前 1275 年，拉美西斯二世整軍待發(fā)，只等著預(yù)兆被解釋為吉兆時(shí)（埃及軍隊(duì)采取行動(dòng)之前，人們預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些吉祥的預(yù)兆），他就可以出兵了。公元前 1274 年，預(yù)兆出現(xiàn)，他率領(lǐng)兩萬多人分成四個(gè)師，駕駛戰(zhàn)車穿過佩爾拉美西斯城門。法老親自率領(lǐng)阿蒙師（Amun是一位古埃及主神，埃及文轉(zhuǎn)寫為?mn，意為“隱藏者”（也拼作“Amon”）。他是八元神（Ogdoad）之一，配偶是姆特。太陽神拉的名字有時(shí)會(huì)與阿蒙的名字結(jié)合起來，特別是在他作為“眾神之王”的時(shí)候。在埃及，天堂的統(tǒng)治權(quán)屬于太陽神，而阿蒙就是最高神，因此從邏輯上說，阿蒙就是拉（Ra）。阿蒙被稱作“王座與兩陸之王”，或者被更驕傲地稱作“眾神之王”），拉師（Ra，也拼作Rah、Rē，是古埃及太陽神。從第五王朝（公元前2494年至公元前2345年）開始，成為古埃及神話中最重要的神，被看作是白天的太陽）、賽特師（Set，也作Seth，Setekh等，又名西德，在埃及神話中最初是力量之神，戰(zhàn)神，風(fēng)暴之神，沙漠之神以及外陸之神）和普塔師（Ptah是古埃及孟斐斯地區(qū)所信仰的造物神，而后演變成工匠與藝術(shù)家的保護(hù)者，形象為一木乃伊，他的妻子是賽克邁特）緊隨其后。

卡迭石戰(zhàn)役

In his haste to engage the enemy, Ramesses II drove his division so quickly that he soon outdistanced the rest of his army. He made a further mistake in believing the reports of two captured bedouins who told him that the Hittite king feared the might of the young pharaoh and had withdrawn from the area.

? ? ? ? ? 拉美西斯二世急于與敵軍交戰(zhàn)，率領(lǐng)本部快速前進(jìn)，很快就超過了其他部隊(duì)。他還犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，就是相信了兩名被俘的貝都因人的報(bào)告，他們告訴他赫梯國王害怕這位年輕法老的實(shí)力，已經(jīng)從該地區(qū)撤走了。

In reality, the Hittite army was close at hand and, once Ramesses II again began his march, he was ambushed. Two captured Hittite spies then revealed the truth of Ramesses II's situation and the pharaoh understood he had no choice but to fight his way out of the trap he had allowed himself to walk into.

? ? ? ? ? 實(shí)際上，赫梯軍隊(duì)已經(jīng)近在咫尺，拉美西斯二世一開始行軍，就遭到了伏擊。兩名被俘的赫梯間諜隨后揭露了拉美西斯二世的真實(shí)處境，法老明白自己別無選擇，只能奮力一搏，擺脫自己陷入的陷阱。

The confusion of the battle is attested to in Ramesses II's accounts, the Poem of Pentaur and the Bulletin in which he relates how the Amun division was overrun by the Hittites and the lines were broken, the division separated. The Hittite cavalry was cutting down the Egyptian infantry and survivors were scrambling for the supposed safety of the Egyptian camp.

? ? ? ? ? 拉美西斯二世在《Pentaur Poem》和《Bulletin》中記述了這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役的混亂情況，他在其中講述了阿蒙師如何被赫梯人碾壓，戰(zhàn)線被沖斷，師團(tuán)分離。赫梯騎兵在砍殺埃及步兵，幸存下來的人正在努力確保所謂埃及營地的安全。

Recognizing his situation, Ramesses II called upon his protector god, Amun, and reorganized his forces. Egyptologist Margaret Bunson describes how Ramesses II "brought calm and purpose to his small units and began to slice his way through the enemy in order to reach his southern forces" (131). He held the remains of his meager troops together through the force of his own character and the power of his position as pharaoh and commander-in-chief. Bunson continues:

? ? ?With only his household troops, with a few officers and followers, and with the rabble of the defeated units standing by, he mounted his chariot and discovered the extent of the forces against him. He then charged the eastern wing of the assembled foe with such ferocity that they gave way, allowing the Egyptians to escape the net which Muwatalli had cast for them. (131)

? ? ? ? ? 認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的處境后，拉美西斯二世召喚了他的保護(hù)神阿蒙神，并重組了部隊(duì)。埃及學(xué)家瑪格麗特·本森（Margaret Bunson）描述了拉美西斯二世是如何“讓小型軍事部隊(duì)保持穩(wěn)定，并分配目標(biāo)，開始突破敵軍以靠攏南部的軍隊(duì)”（131）。拉美西斯二世憑借自己堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的性格以及作為法老和總司令的地位，將殘存的部隊(duì)團(tuán)結(jié)在一起。本森繼續(xù)探討這個(gè)問題如下：

? ? ? ? ? 他只帶著自己的侍衛(wèi)部隊(duì)、幾名將領(lǐng)和隨從，以及重新集結(jié)調(diào)動(dòng)的部隊(duì)。他登上戰(zhàn)車，觀察敵人的兵力。然后，他向集結(jié)起來的敵人的東翼發(fā)起了猛烈的進(jìn)攻，敵人被擊退了，埃及人得以逃脫穆瓦塔里為他們布下的天羅地網(wǎng)。(131)

Ramesses II had turned the tide of battle just as the Ptah division arrived on the field.

? ? ? ? ? 拉美西斯二世剛剛扭轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)局，普塔師就趕到了戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。

The Ptah division, with Ramesses II leading them, then drove the Hittite forces toward the Orontes River where many of them drowned. At this point in the battle, the Egyptian forces were caught between the Hittites at the river and the reserve forces Muwatalli II still had at his disposal in the fortified city of Kadesh. Why the Hittite king did not make use of his advantage is unknown but, for whatever reason, Muwatalli II refused to deploy his forces and "watched the cream of his command fall before Ramesses, including his own brother" (Bunson, 131). Ramesses II pressed his advantage and led his forces in a furious charge.

? ? ? ? ? 隨后，由拉美西斯二世率領(lǐng)的普塔師將赫梯軍隊(duì)趕向奧龍?zhí)厮购?，許多赫梯人在河中被淹死。此時(shí)，埃及軍隊(duì)被河邊的赫梯部隊(duì)和穆瓦塔里二世在堅(jiān)固的卡迭石城中的后備部隊(duì)夾擊。赫梯國王為何沒有利用他的優(yōu)勢(shì)不得而知，但不管出于什么原因，穆瓦塔里二世都沒有將他的前線部隊(duì)部署在合適的位置，“眼睜睜地看著他的精銳部隊(duì)倒在拉美西斯王面前，包括他自己的兄弟”（Bunson，131 頁）。拉美西斯二世乘勝追擊，率領(lǐng)部隊(duì)發(fā)起了猛烈的沖鋒。

With the Hittites drowning in the river and being slaughtered on the banks, Ramesses II turned his forces about and, making full use of his advantage in the light Egyptian chariot, drove the Hittites from the field. Ramesses II then claimed a great victory for Egypt in that he had defeated his enemy in battle. Muwatalli II, however, also claimed victory in that he had not lost Kadesh.

? ? ? ? ? 赫梯軍隊(duì)淹沒在河中，在河岸上被屠殺殆盡，拉美西斯二世調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)兵鋒，充分利用埃及戰(zhàn)車輕便的優(yōu)勢(shì)，將赫梯人趕出戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。隨后，拉美西斯二世宣稱他在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上擊敗了敵人，為埃及贏得了一場(chǎng)偉大的勝利。然而，穆瓦塔里二世也取得了勝利，因?yàn)樗麤]有失去卡迭石城。

結(jié)? ? ?語

The significance of the battle, aside from being the victory Rameses II seemed most proud of, is that it eventually led to the first peace treaty in the history of the world signed between the Hittite and Egyptian Empires in 1258 BCE. Among the stipulations was that "persons of rank or importance would be returned to their own rulers if they tried to flee from one territory to the other in order to escape punishment for crimes" (Bunson, 87). This meant that countries would cooperate in returning fugitives of noble status instead of assisting them in organizing a coup against a sitting ruler, a common practice in many different civilizations of antiquity.

? ? ? ? ? 這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役的意義除了是拉美西斯二世似乎最引以為豪的勝利之外，還在于它最終導(dǎo)致赫梯帝國和埃及帝國于公元前 1258 年簽訂了世界歷史上第一個(gè)國際和平條約。條約中規(guī)定，“如果有高級(jí)士兵或擔(dān)任重要職務(wù)的平民，為逃避因所犯罪行而受到懲罰而試圖從一個(gè)地區(qū)逃往另一個(gè)地區(qū)，他們將被引渡回國”（Bunson，87 頁）。這意味著各國將合作遣返身份高貴的逃亡者，而不是協(xié)助他們組織針對(duì)在位統(tǒng)治者的政變，這是古代許多不同文明的普遍做法。

The Treaty of Kadesh was not only the world's first peace treaty but also the first time on record that such a stipulation was made in any kind of treaty. The much earlier treaty from Mesoptamia in 2550 BCE, often cited today as the world's first peace treaty, and known as The Treaty of Mesilim, is not actually a `peace treaty' but rather a Treaty of Delimination which marks borders or boundaries instead of agreeing on terms for peace between nations.

? ? ? ? ? 《卡迭石合約》不僅是世界上第一個(gè)和平條約，也是有記錄以來第一次在任何類型的條約中做出這樣的規(guī)定。公元前 2550 年，美索不達(dá)米亞地區(qū)簽訂了一份更早的條約，今天人們經(jīng)常把它稱為世界上第一份和平條約，即《麥西里姆條約》（The Treaty of Mesilim，美索不達(dá)米亞兩個(gè)國家拉加什和烏瑪于公元前25世紀(jì)簽訂的），但它實(shí)際上并不是一份“和平條約”，而是一份“劃界條約”（Treaty of Delimination），它標(biāo)記的是邊界或疆界，而不是商定國家間和平的條件。

The Treaty of Kadesh is recognized as the world's first actual peace treaty and set the stage for relations between Egypt and the Hittites until the fall of the Hittie Empire in c. 1200 BCE. Instead of warring with each other, the Egyptians and Hitties opened trade relations and exchanged technological and agricultural expertise which improved the lives of the people of both nations.

? ? ? ? ? 《卡迭石合約》被認(rèn)為是世界上第一個(gè)真正意義上的國際和平條約，它為埃及與赫梯人之間的關(guān)系奠定了基礎(chǔ)，直到約公元前 1200 年赫梯帝國滅亡。埃及人和赫梯人不再相互征戰(zhàn)，而是建立了貿(mào)易關(guān)系，交流技術(shù)和農(nóng)業(yè)專門知識(shí)，改善了兩國人民的生活。