It is appropriate that tax should be paid by the person

using the object taxed rather than by the person selling it, who

would have greater temptations, and more ways of eluding避開 the

taxes, because of the large number he has to pay.?

=====BOOK I=====

MAN was born free, and ★everywhere he is in chains.

Whereas the social order is a sacred right, and provides a

foundation for all other rights. Yet it is a right that does not

come from nature; therefore it is based on agreed conventions慣例.

--- Chapter ii ：The First Societies--

In the family, the father is paid for the

care he takes of his children by the love he bears them, while

in the state this love is replaced by the pleasure of being in

command, the chief having no love for his people.

Aristotle too had said, earlier than any of them, that men?

are not naturally equal, but that some are born for slavery?

and some for mastery.

---Chapter iii : The Right of the Strongest

All power is from God,but all disease is from God also.?

---Chapter iv :Slavery

SINCE no man has a natural authority over his fellow, and since

strength does not confer授予 any right,, it follows that the basis

remaining for all legitimate authority among men must be

agreed convention協(xié)議/慣例.

A foreign king, or private individual, or people, who pillages掠奪,?

kills or detains扣留 a ruler's subjects, without declaring war on the?

ruler, is not an enemy, but a brigand強盜.?

War is not, therefore, a relationship between man and man,

but between state and state, in which individuals become

enemies only by accident, not as men, nor even as citizens, but

as soldiers; not even as members of their own nation, but as its

defenders.?

-

The purpose of war being to destroy the enemy state,?

its defenders may rightfully be killed so long as

they are carrying arms; but as soon as they lay them down and

surrender, ceasing to be enemies or agents of the enemy, they

become simply men again, and there is no longer any right

over their lives.

-

On occasion it is possible to kill the state without?

killing any of its members; war confers★授予 no rights that

are not necessary to its purpose.?

---Chapter v ： That It Is Always Necessary to Go Back

to an Original Convention---

There will always be a great difference between?

subjugating征服 a multitude of men and ruling a society.?

-

If a series of men, in succession繼承, are made to submit屈服 to one other

man, all I can see in them is a master with his slaves, however

many of them there may be; I cannot see a people and its leader.?

-

It could be said to be an aggregation, but it is not an

association; there is no public good, no body politic.