英格蘭理查一世

Richard II of England reigned as king from 1377 to 1399 CE. The son of the late Edward the Black Prince (1330-1376 CE), Richard would succeed his grandfather Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377 CE), but as he was only 10 years of age, he initially had to co-rule with his most powerful barons. The Peasants' Revolt of June 1381 CE was successfully put down but a failed campaign in Scotland, misguided favouritism at court, and the ambition of certain rival nobles all conspired to limit the power of a king who had, unwisely, considered himself divinely chosen to rule any way he wished. In August 1399 CE Richard was imprisoned, and the following February he was murdered and succeeded by his cousin and rival Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, who became Henry IV of England (r. 1399-1413 CE)

? ? ? ? ? 英格蘭的理查二世從公元1377年至1399年在位。作為已故黑太子愛德華（公元1330-1376年）的兒子，理查二世將繼承其祖父英格蘭的愛德華三世的地位（公元1327-1377年），但由于他只有10歲，最初不得不與最強(qiáng)大的男爵們共同統(tǒng)治。公元1381年6月的農(nóng)民起義被成功鎮(zhèn)壓，但在蘇格蘭一次失敗的運(yùn)動(dòng)、宮廷里錯(cuò)誤的偏袒以及某些敵對貴族的野心，都合力限制了這位國王的權(quán)力，他不明智地認(rèn)為自己是被神選中的，可以按自己的意愿來統(tǒng)治。公元1399年8月，理查二世被囚禁，次年2月，他被謀殺，王位由他的表弟和競爭對手蘭開斯特公爵亨利·博林布魯克繼任，即英格蘭的亨利四世（公元1399-1413年）。

家庭和繼承

Edward of Woodstock, better known as the Black Prince after his distinctive armour or martial reputation, was the eldest son of Edward III of England. Made the Prince of Wales in 1343 CE and one of the greatest of all medieval knights, Edward would not, however, become king. The Black Prince died, probably of dysentery, on 8 June 1376 CE and so Parliament selected as the official heir to Edward III the prince's surviving son Richard of Bordeaux (b. 6 January 1367 CE). The young king-to-be's mother was Joan, the countess of Kent (1328-1385 CE), and he had had one brother, Edward, who had died in 1371 CE. Richard was favoured over another of Edward III's sons, John of Gaunt (1340-1399 CE), the Duke of Lancaster, largely because the latter had supported a number of officials and nobles identified by Parliament as guilty of corruption and misrule. As planned then, when Edward III died on 21 June 1377 CE, Richard became king.

? ? ? ? ? 伍德斯托克的愛德華，因其獨(dú)特的盔甲顏色或軍事聲譽(yù)而被稱為黑太子，他是英格蘭愛德華三世的長子。公元1343年，愛德華被封為威爾士親王，是中世紀(jì)最偉大的騎士之一，但他沒有成為國王。黑太子于公元1376年6月8日去世，可能是死于痢疾，因此議會(huì)選擇太子的遺腹子波爾多的理查德（生于公元1367年1月6日）作為愛德華三世的正式繼承人。這位年輕的準(zhǔn)國王的母親是肯特郡的女伯爵瓊（公元1328-1385年）；他有一個(gè)兄弟，愛德華，他在公元1371年去世。理查二世比愛德華三世的另一個(gè)兒子——蘭開斯特公爵岡特的約翰（公元1340-1399年）更受寵，主要是因?yàn)楹笳咧С至艘恍┍蛔h會(huì)認(rèn)定為犯有腐敗和誤國的官員和貴族。按照當(dāng)時(shí)的計(jì)劃，當(dāng)愛德華三世于公元1377年6月21日去世時(shí)，理查成為了國王。

Richard was crowned on 16 July 1377 CE at Westminster Abbey, but he was a mere 10 years old and so his troubled kingdom was governed by a revolving council of nobles. The Hundred Years' War between England and France (1337-1453 CE) had started remarkably well for England with great victories at Crécy (1346 CE) and Poitiers (1356 CE) but by 1375 CE Charles V of France, aka Charles the Wise (r. 1364-1380 CE), had ensured that the only lands left in France belonging to the English Crown were Calais and a thin slice of Gascony. The war with France and its ally Scotland had also taken a heavy financial toll on the kingdom with an incessant round of taxes inflicted on the people, a situation only worsened by the arrival of the Black Death in 1348 CE which brought death and economic ruin. The failure to take the military initiative against France, high taxes and lasting economic disruption would all come back to haunt Richard later in his reign.

? ? ? ? ? 理查于公元1377年7月16日在威斯敏斯特教堂加冕，但他當(dāng)時(shí)只有10歲，因此他那混亂的王國是由一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)的貴族理事會(huì)管理的。英法百年戰(zhàn)爭（公元1337-1453年）開始時(shí)，英格蘭取得了克雷西（公元1346年）和普瓦提埃（公元1356年）的偉大勝利，表現(xiàn)得非常好，但到了公元1375年，法國的查理五世，又稱智者查理（公元1364-1380年），已經(jīng)確保法國屬于英國王室的土地只剩下加萊和加斯科尼的一小塊。與法國及其盟友蘇格蘭的戰(zhàn)爭也給王國帶來了沉重的財(cái)政損失，不斷向人民征收稅款，這種情況因公元1348年黑死病的到來而更加惡化，黑死病帶來了死亡和經(jīng)濟(jì)毀滅。未能對法國采取軍事行動(dòng)、高額稅收和持久的經(jīng)濟(jì)混亂都將在理查統(tǒng)治的后期困擾他。

農(nóng)民起義

The so-called Peasants' Revolt of June 1381 CE was the most infamous popular uprising of the Middle Ages. The trouble started when a group of yeomen from Kent and Essex, fed up with the problem caused by the Black Death plague and, above all, the never-ending taxes which, since 1377 CE, included poll taxes of three groats (one shilling) aimed at everyone irrespective of resources, marched to protest in London. The group, numbering several thousand, caused havoc on the way as they looted, pillaged, and murdered. When the mob got to London, they burnt down the Savoy palace of the Duke of Lancaster and murdered anyone they pleased - the Chancellor, Archbishop Simon of Sudbury would be one victim, decapitated on Tower Hill. The mob's demands for change included the abolition of serfdom, a repeal of the laws limiting wage increases brought in after the Black Death, more peasant participation on local government, and the redistribution of the Church's riches (the latter being an idea championed by the theologian John Wycliffe, c. 1325-1384 CE). Although only 14, King Richard bravely met the protestors at Smithfield outside London on 15 June and persuaded them to stand down. This was quite a feat considering William Walworth, the Mayor of London stepped forward and killed Wat Tyler, one of the rebel leaders, amongst the confusion, perhaps thinking Tyler was about to do the king harm. Richard had, nevertheless, stepped forward and boldly declared:

? ? ? ? ? Sirs, would you kill your king? I am your rightful captain, and I will be your leader. Let all those who love me, follow me.(Quoted in Jones, N., 75)

? ? ? ? ? 公元1381年6月的所謂農(nóng)民起義是中世紀(jì)最臭名昭著的人民起義。一群來自肯特郡和埃塞克斯郡的貴族厭倦了黑死病瘟疫造成的問題，尤其是自公元1377年以來無休止的稅收，包括針對每個(gè)人的3格拉特（1先令）的人頭稅，人們開始在倫敦游行抗議。這群人有幾千人，在路上造成了混亂，他們搶劫、掠奪和謀殺。當(dāng)暴徒到達(dá)倫敦時(shí)，他們燒毀了蘭開斯特公爵的薩沃伊宮，并謀殺了他們不喜歡的人——大法官，薩德伯里的西蒙大主教，他在塔山被斬首。暴徒們對變革的要求包括廢除農(nóng)奴制，廢除黑死病后帶來的限制工資增長的法律，讓農(nóng)民更多地參與地方政府工作，以及重新分配教會(huì)的財(cái)富（后者是神學(xué)家約翰-威克利夫（約1325-1384年）倡導(dǎo)的想法）。雖然只有14歲，但理查國王于6月15日在倫敦郊外的史密斯菲爾德勇敢地會(huì)見了抗議者，并勸說他們不要繼續(xù)鬧事?？紤]到倫敦市長威廉·沃爾沃斯（William Walworth）在混亂中挺身而出，殺死了叛軍領(lǐng)袖之一瓦特·泰勒（Wat Tyler），也許他認(rèn)為泰勒會(huì)對國王造成傷害。盡管如此，理查還是挺身而出，大膽地宣布：

? ? ? ? ? 先生們，你們要?dú)⑺滥銈兊膰鯁幔课沂悄銈兒戏ǖ年?duì)長，我將是你們的領(lǐng)袖，愿所有愛我的人跟著我。（引自瓊斯，N.，75）。

Richard then employed the much-used tactic of making a load of extravagant promises he had no intention of keeping, but it was enough to stave off more rioting and the mob disbanded. Utterly ruthless, Richard ensured that around 150 of the rebels were hanged. There were other minor outbreaks of rebellion thereafter, but these were mercilessly quashed and their ringleaders executed as traitors.

? ? ? ? ? 隨后，理查采用了一種常用的策略，即作出了大量他無意遵守的奢侈承諾，但這足以避免更多的暴亂，暴徒們也解散了。理查完全無情地將大約150名叛亂者絞死。此后還發(fā)生了其他小規(guī)模的叛亂，但都被無情地鎮(zhèn)壓下去，其頭目被當(dāng)作叛亂者處死。

無情的委員會(huì)

Richard II may have won accolades for his success in putting down the Peasants' Revolt but any hopes that England had found itself a fine king, true and just, were soon dashed. The young monarch was wilful and hot-tempered, and he turned out to be rather too confident in his divine right to rule, making him intolerant of any views that conflicted with his own. Ignoring his barons, Parliament and commoners alike, Richard largely preferred to spend his time with favourites like Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford and his circle of sycophants.

? ? ? ? ? 理查二世可能因?yàn)槌晒ζ蕉宿r(nóng)民起義而贏得了贊譽(yù)，當(dāng)人們認(rèn)為英格蘭找到了一位真正的、公正的好國王時(shí)，希望很快就破滅了。這位年輕的君主反復(fù)無常，脾氣暴躁，而且他對自己神圣的統(tǒng)治權(quán)過于自信，使他無法容忍任何與自己相沖突的觀點(diǎn)。理查無視他的男爵、議會(huì)和平民，在很大程度上更喜歡和牛津伯爵羅伯特·德·維爾等寵臣以及他的佞臣圈子一起度過時(shí)光。

Medieval kings were often expected to perform great deeds on the battlefield but Richard's single campaign in Scotland in 1385 CE was a damp squib with no contact being made with the enemy. In 1388 CE, one of the great medieval knights, Sir Henry 'Hotspur' Percy (1364-1403 CE) led an army against the Scots but was soundly defeated at the Battle of Otterburn. Sir Henry even suffered the ignominy of capture and being set up for ransom, which Parliament and King Richard did meet.

? ? ? ? ? 中世紀(jì)的國王往往被期望在戰(zhàn)場上做出偉大的事跡，但理查在公元1385年在蘇格蘭的一次戰(zhàn)役中卻沒有與敵人取得任何接觸，而且最后被打敗了。公元1388年，中世紀(jì)最偉大的騎士之一，亨利·珀西（熱刺）爵士（公元1364-1403年）率領(lǐng)一支軍隊(duì)對抗蘇格蘭人，但在奧特本戰(zhàn)役中慘敗。亨利爵士甚至遭受了被俘的恥辱，并被敵人索要贖金，議會(huì)和理查國王確實(shí)滿足了這一要求。

Richard had a much bigger crisis to deal with at home when, in 1386 CE, he made the hugely unpopular de Vere the Duke of Ireland and it looked like France was preparing to invade England. In December 1387 CE the dissatisfied barons made their move by defeating de Vere and his supporters at the Battle of Radcot Bridge near Oxford. Led by such high figures as Thomas Woodstock, the Duke of Gloucester (the king's uncle) and Henry Bolingbroke (b. c. 1366 CE, the king's cousin and son of John of Gaunt), a group of five barons next formed a council known as the Lords Appellants to better manage the king, still then considered a minor. This council called a Parliament in 1388 CE, which became known as the 'Merciless Parliament' and which essentially installed the Lords Appellants as the rulers of England who insisted Richard retake his coronation oath and who purged the royal court of anyone they considered undesirable.

? ? ? ? ? 1386年，理查在國內(nèi)遇到了更大的危機(jī)，他讓極不受歡迎的德維爾成為愛爾蘭公爵，而法國似乎正準(zhǔn)備入侵英格蘭。公元1387年12月，不滿的男爵們在牛津附近的拉多科橋戰(zhàn)役中擊敗了德維爾和他的支持者，開始了他們的行動(dòng)。在伍德特倫特河畔斯托克的托馬斯、格洛斯特公爵（國王的叔叔）和亨利·博林布魯克（約生于公元1366年，國王的堂兄，高特的約翰之子）等高層人物的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，五個(gè)男爵組成了一個(gè)被稱為“上訴人”的委員會(huì)，以更好地限制國王權(quán)力，當(dāng)時(shí)的國王仍被視為未成年人。這個(gè)委員會(huì)在公元1388年召集了一個(gè)議會(huì)，該議會(huì)被稱為“無情議會(huì)”，它基本上將上議院作為英格蘭的統(tǒng)治者，堅(jiān)持要求理查重新進(jìn)行加冕宣誓，并將不受他們歡迎的人清除出王室。

藝術(shù)贊助人

Richard, who reached maturity in 1389 CE, wisely opted for a low political profile and retreated into the arts by appointing his own circle of similarly-minded friends at court. The king may have resisted the temptation to persecute those who had earlier been against him but one thing which he could not desist from was his continuing love of pomp and ceremony. Glorifying his own image, it seemed Richard was in love with himself as king and now even insisted he be addressed as 'Your Majesty' or 'Your Highness' rather than the traditional 'My lord'. Perhaps significantly, Richard was the first English king to have his portrait painted while still alive; the artist chosen for this honour may have been Andre Beauneveu of Valenciennes (1335-1400 CE). The finished painting was hung in Westminster Abbey and shows the king in full regalia.

? ? ? ? ? 1389年，成年的理查明智地選擇了低調(diào)的政治形象，并在宮廷中任命了自己的一群志同道合的朋友，從而退回到藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。國王可能抵制了迫害那些早先反對他的人的誘惑，但有一件事他不能不做，那就是他對盛世和儀式的持續(xù)熱愛。為了美化自己的形象，理查似乎愛上了作為國王的自己，甚至堅(jiān)持用 “陛下”或“殿下”而不是傳統(tǒng)的 “大人”來稱呼他。也許很重要的一點(diǎn)是，理查是第一位在世時(shí)被畫上肖像的英格蘭國王；為這一榮譽(yù)而選擇的藝術(shù)家可能是瓦朗謝訥的安德烈·貝奧內(nèi)維（公元1335-1400年）。畫作完成后被懸掛在威斯敏斯特教堂，這幅畫顯示了國王盛裝打扮的模樣。

Richard's tournament device was a white hart or stag which became an emblem for his supporters to wear as a mark of identification and as part of his servants' livery. Richard revamped Westminster Palace in 1393 CE at vast expense, making the interior much more colourful. Westminster Hall received a new roof, statues of various kings were added, and Richard's white harts appeared at the bases of the windows. Meanwhile, the Tower of London was refurbished, too, and expensive stained glass added. The king also supported medieval literature, especially the poet Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400 CE) who was made Clerk of the King's Works in 1389 CE, a position which saw him in charge of royal properties.

? ? ? ? ? 理查的個(gè)人標(biāo)志是一只白色的雄鹿，這成為他的支持者的標(biāo)志，作為識(shí)別標(biāo)志和他的仆人制服的一部分。1393年，理查花費(fèi)巨資對威斯敏斯特宮進(jìn)行了改造，使其內(nèi)部更加豐富多彩。威斯敏斯特宮的屋頂?shù)玫街匦卵b飾，增加了各個(gè)國王的想肖像畫，理查的白色雄鹿出現(xiàn)在窗戶的底部。同時(shí)，倫敦塔也進(jìn)行了整修，并添加了昂貴的彩色玻璃。國王還支持中世紀(jì)文學(xué)，特別是詩人杰弗里·喬叟（公元1343-1400年），他在公元1389年被任命為國王工程的書記官，國王讓他負(fù)責(zé)皇家財(cái)產(chǎn)。

愛爾蘭和法國

In 1394 CE Richard led an army to Ireland, a very rare deed for an English king, but the campaign was inconclusive. 80 Irish chiefs did pay homage to the king, and English claims to lands there were recognised. Relations improved with France on 12 March 1396 CE, though, when the king married Isabella of France, the daughter of Charles VI of France (r. 1380-1422 CE). Isabella was only seven, but it was a union which cemented a three-decade truce between the two countries. Richard had been previously married to Anne of Bohemia, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV (r. 1346-1378 CE) from 1382 CE, but she died in June 1394 CE, probably of plague. Neither of these marriages produced any children, something which would be exploited by Richard's enemies. The arrangement with Charles VI did not include Richard giving up his claim to the French throne (a claim which began with Edward III) and so the Hundred Years' War was, for now, merely put on pause.

? ? ? ? ? 1394年，理查率領(lǐng)一支軍隊(duì)前往愛爾蘭，這對英國國王來說是非常罕見的行為，但這次戰(zhàn)役并沒有結(jié)果。80位愛爾蘭酋長向國王致敬，英格蘭對那里的土地要求也得到了承認(rèn)。不過，1396年3月12日，國王與法蘭西的伊莎貝拉結(jié)婚，她是法國查理六世（公元1380-1422年）的女兒，這使得英格蘭與法蘭西的關(guān)系有所改善。伊莎貝拉當(dāng)時(shí)只有7歲，但這一結(jié)合鞏固了兩國之間長達(dá)30年的休戰(zhàn)關(guān)系。理查之前曾于公元1382年與神圣羅馬帝國皇帝查理四世（公元1346-1378年）的女兒波希米亞的安妮結(jié)婚，但她于公元1394年6月去世，可能是死于瘟疫。這兩段婚姻都沒有產(chǎn)生任何孩子，這一點(diǎn)將被理查的敵人所利用。與查理六世的安排并不包括理查放棄對法國王位的要求（這一要求始于愛德華三世），因此，百年戰(zhàn)爭目前只是暫停了下來。

博林布魯克的回歸

In 1397 CE, perhaps feeling more secure on his throne and giving vent to the taste for vengeance so many medieval monarchs enjoyed, Richard, at last, began to plot against those who had betrayed him ten years before. The king had the Lords Appellants, including Bolingbroke, arrested and either exiled or executed; their estates becoming useful gifts for others at court or the Crown itself. Many barons now realised the king was tyrannical and that nobody was safe from his whims.

? ? ? ? ? 1397年，也許是覺得自己的王位更安全了，并發(fā)泄了許多中世紀(jì)君主所享有的復(fù)仇欲望，理查終于開始密謀對付那些十年前背叛他的人。國王逮捕了包括博林布魯克在內(nèi)的委員會(huì)成員，并將他們流放或處決；他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)成為宮廷中王室的財(cái)物。許多男爵意識(shí)到，國王是個(gè)暴君，沒有人可以逃脫他的魔爪。

In 1399 CE, Richard then made his fatal mistake. The king had a hankering to continue his unfinished business in Ireland but while there, Bolingbroke, seen by some as the legitimate heir to Edward III now that his father John of Gaunt was dead (3 February 1399 CE), returned from his exile in France. In June-July 1399 CE Bolingbroke only had a small invading army, perhaps 300 fighting men, which landed at Spurn Head in Yorkshire. Fortunately for Bolingbroke, the English barons, who included such figures as Sir Henry 'Hotspur' Percy, were only too pleased to switch their allegiance to the usurper, and the rebel army swelled as it moved south, and the king's support evaporated.

? ? ? ? ? 在1399年，理查犯了致命的錯(cuò)誤。國王很想繼續(xù)他在愛爾蘭的未竟事業(yè)，但在那里，博林布魯克從法國流亡歸來，他被一些人視為愛德華三世的合法繼承人，因?yàn)樗母赣H剛特的約翰已經(jīng)死了（公元1399年2月3日）。1399年6月至7月，博林布魯克只有一支小規(guī)模的軍隊(duì)，可能有300名戰(zhàn)斗人員，在約克郡的斯普恩頭登陸。對博林布魯克來說，幸運(yùn)的是，包括亨利·珀西（熱刺）爵士（Sir Henry 'Hotspur' Percy）在內(nèi)的英國男爵們非常樂意向篡位者效忠，叛軍在南下的過程中不斷擴(kuò)張，國王的支持率也隨之消失了。

Richard returned from Ireland but wisely went into hiding in Conwy Castle in Wales. The king was then tricked into giving himself up on 20 August and was imprisoned in the Tower of London, the first English monarch to be confined there. On 29 September 1399 CE, Bolingbroke next forced Richard to sign a formal document of abdication, another dubious first in English history. The wording of this document was as follows:

? ? ? ? ? I Richard by the grace of God king of England and of France and lord of Ireland…resign all my kingly majesty, dignity and crown…And with deed and word I leave off and resign them and go from them for evermore, for I know, acknowledge and deem myself to be, and have been, insufficient, unable and unprofitable, and for my deserts not unworthily to be put down. (quoted in Jones, N., 80-81)

? ? ? ? ? 理查從愛爾蘭回來后，明智地躲進(jìn)了威爾士的康威城堡。隨后，國王被騙于8月20日出堡，并被囚禁在倫敦塔中，成為第一個(gè)被囚禁在那里的英格蘭君主。公元1399年9月29日，博林布魯克強(qiáng)迫理查德簽署了一份正式的退位文件，這是英國歷史上非常可疑的事件之一。這份文件的措辭如下：

? ? ? ? ? 我理查，承蒙上帝的恩典，成為英格蘭和法國的國王以及愛爾蘭的領(lǐng)主......辭去我所有的國王威嚴(yán)、尊嚴(yán)和王冠......我用行動(dòng)和語言離開并辭去它們，并永遠(yuǎn)離開它們，因?yàn)槲抑馈⒊姓J(rèn)并認(rèn)為自己是，而且一直是，不足、無能和無用的，而且因?yàn)槲业墓?，不值得任何犧牲?引自瓊斯，N.，80-81）。

William Shakespeare (1564-1616 CE) in his play Richard II has the king utter the rather more realistic sentiments regarding his demise:

? ? ? ? ? My God! A wonderful land is this, and a fickle; which hath exiled, slain, destroyed or ruined so many kings, rulers, and great men, and is ever tainted and toileth with strife, and variance and envy.(ibid, 81)

? ? ? ? ? 威廉·莎士比亞（公元1564-1616年）在他的戲劇《理查二世》中讓國王對他的死亡說出了更現(xiàn)實(shí)的感慨：

? ? ? ? ? 我的上帝! 這是一片神奇的土地，也是一片善變的土地；它放逐、殺害、摧毀或毀壞了那么多的國王、統(tǒng)治者和偉人，并且永遠(yuǎn)被紛爭、分歧和嫉妒所玷污和玷污。

死亡和繼承人

On 30 September Parliament officially nominated Henry Bolingbroke as Richard's successor. Richard was moved to his final place of confinement, Pontefract Castle in Yorkshire, in September 1399 CE, and there he died on 14 February 1400 CE. A failed uprising by Richard's supporters only sealed the ex-king's fate; he could not be allowed to live. Richard perhaps died of starvation or he was perhaps poisoned or he was even hacked to death by a squad of assassins, such are the varying theories on the king's quick demise. Richard was just 33 years of age, and his body was put on public display in the Tower of London in case any would-be rebels thought he might still be alive and ready to launch a coup. Eventually, Richard was interred in Westminster Abbey where his effigy can still be seen.

? ? ? ? ? 9月30日，議會(huì)正式提名亨利·博林布魯克為理查的繼承人。1399年9月，理查被轉(zhuǎn)移到他最后的監(jiān)禁場所——約克郡的龐特弗萊茨城堡。1400年2月14日，他在那里去世。理查的支持者們發(fā)動(dòng)了一次失敗的起義，但只是確定了這位前國王的命運(yùn)；他不能繼續(xù)活著。理查也許是餓死的，也許是被毒死的，甚至是被刺客砍死的，這些都是關(guān)于這位國王快速死亡的不同理論。理查當(dāng)時(shí)只有33歲，他的尸體被放在倫敦塔里公開展示，以防任何可能的叛亂者認(rèn)為他可能還活著并發(fā)動(dòng)政變。最終，理查被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，現(xiàn)在仍然可以看到他的遺像。

Meanwhile, Henry Bolingbroke was crowned Henry IV of England in Westminster Abbey on 13 October 1399 CE and he would reign until 1413 CE, although his time as king was beset with rebellions in both England and Wales. Henry was succeeded and outshone by his son Henry V of England (1413-1422 CE) who became one of the great fighting monarchs of European history but the ousting of the legitimate King Richard would come to haunt the Lancaster descendants as the two houses of Lancaster and York battled for the throne in what became known as the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487 CE).

? ? ? ? ? 同時(shí)，亨利·博林布魯克于1399年10月在威斯敏斯特教堂加冕為英格蘭的亨利四世，他將一直統(tǒng)治到1413年，盡管他作為國王的時(shí)期在英格蘭和威爾士都被叛亂所困擾。亨利四世的兒子亨利五世（1413-1422年）繼承了他的位置，他成為歐洲歷史上最偉大的戰(zhàn)爭君主之一，但正統(tǒng)國王理查被趕下臺(tái)后，蘭開斯特家族的后人就開始為王位而戰(zhàn)，這就是我們所熟知的“玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭”（1455-1487年）。

參考書目：

Blockmans, W. Introduction to Medieval Europe 300-1500. Routledge, 2017.

Cannon, J. The Kings and Queens of Britain. Oxford University Press, 2009.

Cavendish, R. Kings & Queens. David & Charles.

Coss, P. Heraldry, Pageantry and Social Display in Medieval England. Boydell Press, 2012.

Crouch, D. Medieval Britain, c.1000-1500. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

Jones, D. The Plantagenets. William Collins, 2020.

Jones, N. Tower. Griffin, 2013.

Phillips, C. The Complete Illustrated Guide to the Kings & Queens of Britain. Lorenz Books, 2006.

Ralph Lewis, B. Kings and Queens of England. Readers Digest, 2003.

Saul, N. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval England. Oxford University Press, 2001.

Wilson, D. The Plantagenets. Quercus Publishing, 2016.

作者：Mark Cartwright

????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書》的出版總監(jiān)。

原文網(wǎng)址：https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-18673/ricardo-ii-de-inglaterra/