Perspectives: Hygiene?????????????

觀點(diǎn):衛(wèi)生

?How hand-washing explains economic expansion

洗手是如何解釋經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張的

The history of economic growth is, in many ways, a tale of cleaniness

從很多方面來說，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的歷史就是一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“清潔”的敘述

Aug 1st 2020 | WASHINGTON, DC

IN THE DECADES after the Industrial Revolution cities choked with dirt. Charles Dickens, the great chronicler of the hardships of early modern life, wrote in “Oliver Twist” of a slum in Bermondsey, in south London, that consisted of “rooms so small, so filthy, so confined, that the air would seem too tainted even for the dirt and squalor which they shelter”. It contained, he continued, “every repulsive lineament of poverty, every loathsome indication of filth, rot, and garbage”.

在工業(yè)革命后的幾十年里，城市被塵土所窒息。描寫早期現(xiàn)代生活艱辛的偉大編年史家查爾斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens)在《霧都孤兒》(Oliver Twist)一書中描寫了倫敦南部柏蒙德的一個(gè)貧民窟，那里的房間“太小、太臟、太封閉，即使與他們所居住的臟亂和骯臟相比，空氣也顯得太臟了”。他繼續(xù)說，它包含了“貧窮的每一種令人厭惡的特征；骯臟、腐朽和垃圾的每一種令人嘔吐的跡象”。

詞匯

Chronicler/記錄者；年代史編者

Filthy/骯臟的；污穢的

Tainted/污染的；感染的

Squalor/骯臟；悲慘；卑劣；道德敗壞

Repulsive/排斥的；令人厭惡的；

Lineament/容貌；相貌

Loathsome/令人憎惡的；令人嘔吐的

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Today London is a powerhouse. When not besieged by covid-19, its gleaming skyscrapers contain floors of high-income knowledge workers. Its economy accounts for roughly a quarter of British output. Partly thanks to such riches, its residents and those in its commuter belt live longer than those anywhere else in Britain. In Bermondsey the slums have long been replaced with barista coffee shops and art galleries.

今天的倫敦是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的組織。在沒有被新冠病毒包圍的情況下，它那閃閃發(fā)光的摩天大樓里住著高收入的知識(shí)工作者。其經(jīng)濟(jì)總量約占英國總產(chǎn)出的四分之一。部分歸因于這些財(cái)富，它的居民和通勤帶的居民比英國其他地方的居民活得更久。在柏蒙德塞，貧民窟早已被咖啡師咖啡館和藝術(shù)畫廊所取代。

詞匯

Besiege/ ?圍困；包圍；煩擾

Commuter/通勤者，經(jīng)常乘公共車輛往返者

Barista/ ?咖啡師；咖啡吧員

London resembles most other cities in the world—in which people, activity and innovation are increasingly concentrated. Two millennia ago, real incomes across much of the world, such as they were, stood between perhaps $1,000 and $1,500 or so in today’s money. Incomes in advanced economies are now 20 times that or more. High incomes are the consequence of decades of compounding economic growth, a process in which urbanisation has played a fundamental role. By crowding people together cities have long been humanity’s best means of creating large markets and gathering places where people come together to exchange ideas; from the Lyceum of Athens to the startup incubators of Silicon Valley.

倫敦和世界上大多數(shù)城市一樣，人口、活動(dòng)和創(chuàng)新越來越集中。兩千年前，世界上大部分國家的實(shí)際收入，以今天的貨幣計(jì)算，大概在1000美元到1500美元之間。發(fā)達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)體的收入現(xiàn)在是這個(gè)數(shù)字的20倍甚至更多。高收入是幾十年來復(fù)合經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的結(jié)果，在這一過程中，城市化發(fā)揮了根本作用。通過將人們聚集在一起，城市長期以來一直是人類創(chuàng)造大型市場(chǎng)和人們聚集在一起交流思想的最佳方式;從雅典的學(xué)園到硅谷的創(chuàng)業(yè)孵化器。

詞匯

Incubator/恒溫箱，保育箱（嬰幼兒）；孵化器（企業(yè)）

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But whenever people have come together to swap goods and ideas, the exchange of germs has inevitably occurred, too. Indeed, for a time the progress of the industrialising world seemed threatened by the kind of filth that Dickens described. In order to unleash the economic power of humankind, a revolution was required in the way that people live and how they interact with others. To become rich people had to learn how to clean up themselves and their cities. The story of economic growth is in large part a tale of the evolution of hygiene.

但當(dāng)人們聚在一起交換物品和思想時(shí)，細(xì)菌的“交換”也不可避免地發(fā)生了。的確，有一段時(shí)間，工業(yè)化世界的進(jìn)步似乎受到了狄更斯所描述的那種污穢的威脅。為了釋放人類的經(jīng)濟(jì)力量，需要在人們的生活方式和與其他人的交往方式上進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)革命。要成為富人，人們必須學(xué)會(huì)如何清潔自己和他們的城市。經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的故事在很大程度上是衛(wèi)生發(fā)展的故事。

詞匯

Germ/[植] 胚芽；細(xì)菌

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The Roman Empire, which had high levels of urbanisation, was repeatedly ravaged by pandemics. These occasionally threatened to topple the state: including, in the 6th century CE, the first major outbreak of bubonic plague, which killed as many as 30m people. When the plague again roamed across Eurasia eight centuries later, claiming the lives of between 30% and 60% of Europeans, it once more followed traders from city to city. People in the 14th century had no knowledge of the microscopic world around them. Illness was commonly viewed as a matter of bad fortune or divine retribution.

羅馬帝國有著高度的城市化，卻不斷遭受流行病的肆虐。它們偶爾會(huì)威脅推翻國家:包括公元6世紀(jì)第一次大規(guī)模爆發(fā)的黑死病，那次鼠疫導(dǎo)致3000萬人死亡。8個(gè)世紀(jì)后，鼠疫再次席卷歐亞大陸，奪去了30%到60%的歐洲人的生命，它再次跟隨商人從一個(gè)城市到另一個(gè)城市。14世紀(jì)的人們對(duì)他們周圍的微觀世界一無所知。疾病通常被看作是厄運(yùn)或神的報(bào)應(yīng)。

詞匯

bubonic plague/黑死?。馨拖偈笠撸?/p>

divine/神圣的；天賜的

retribution/報(bào)應(yīng)；懲罰

Even so, the progression of the bubonic plague from settlement to settlement was obvious enough to make people aware of the threat of contagion. Communities began taking some of the first steps toward preserving public health by closing themselves off to foreigners or otherwise limiting access to their towns. It was this second plague epidemic, which began in 1348 and raged intermittently for five centuries, which gave the world the word quarantine, from the Venetian word quarantena, or “40 days”: the amount of time arriving ships were required to sit in isolation before passengers could come ashore.

盡管如此，黑死病從一個(gè)定居點(diǎn)發(fā)展到另一個(gè)定居點(diǎn)的過程已經(jīng)足夠讓人們意識(shí)到傳染的威脅。社區(qū)開始采取一些初步措施，通過將自己與外國人隔離，或以其他方式限制進(jìn)入自己的城鎮(zhèn)，以保持公共衛(wèi)生。這是第二次瘟疫，開始于1348年，時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)肆虐了5個(gè)世紀(jì)，它給世界帶來了單詞“檢疫”，發(fā)源于威尼斯單詞quarantena，以及“40天”:到達(dá)的船只在乘客上岸前被隔離的時(shí)間。

詞匯

Contagion/傳染病

Intermittently/間歇地

Quarantine/檢疫隔離期；隔離；檢疫

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####下面這段話描述的生活有點(diǎn)惡心，做好心理準(zhǔn)備####

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Quarantine aside, day-to-day life in the late Middle Ages remained a mucky affair. People ate with unwashed hands from shared plates. They crowded together in close proximity to household refuse and human waste. In homes with earthen floors, residents would often urinate on the ground. Spitting was common; people blew their noses into their hands.

除了隔離之外，中世紀(jì)晚期的日常生活仍然是一件骯臟的事情。人們共用盤子，用沒洗的手吃飯。他們擠在生活垃圾和人類垃圾附近。在土制地板的家里，居民經(jīng)常在地上撒尿。隨地吐痰是常見的;人們用手擤鼻涕。

詞匯

Mucky/臟的，糞的；討厭的

Urinate/小便

Spit/吐痰；吐出；啐唾沫

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Habits changed slowly—though improvements were rarely responses to concerns about health or disease. Instead, conducting oneself in a manner intended not to cause offence to others became a mark of refinement, and a means of distinguishing a class from the literally unwashed masses. Norbert Elias, a German sociologist, described the centuries-long accumulation of hygienic habits as the construction of an “invisible wall of affects” which activates “at the mere approach of something that has been in contact with the mouth or hands of someone else”.

習(xí)慣的改變是緩慢的——盡管改善很少是對(duì)健康或疾病擔(dān)憂的回應(yīng)。相反，以一種不冒犯他人的方式行事成為了優(yōu)雅的標(biāo)志，也成為了一個(gè)階級(jí)與普通大眾區(qū)別的一種手段。德國社會(huì)學(xué)家諾伯特?埃利亞斯(Norbert Elias)將幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來積累的衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣描述為構(gòu)筑了一堵“無形的情感之墻”，“只要接觸到別人的嘴或手”，就會(huì)激活它。

詞匯

Refinement/改進(jìn)，改善；有教養(yǎng)

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Consider the use of forks, which slowly spread across Western Europe during the late Middle Ages. These provided a more hygienic means of moving food to the mouth than fingers. But their power as a status symbol derived more from the dainty, dexterous handling required by the utensil. In the absence of a germ theory, fashion could only take society so far. Giovanni Della Casa, an Italian poet and authority on 16th-century etiquette, discouraged his readers from hand-washing after using the privy, “as the reason for...washing will arouse disagreeable thoughts in people”.

以叉子的使用為例，它在中世紀(jì)晚期慢慢傳遍了西歐。這提供了一種比用手把食物送到嘴里更衛(wèi)生的方法。但它們作為一種身份象征的力量，更多地來自于精巧、靈巧的餐具操作。在沒有細(xì)菌理論的情況下，時(shí)尚只能把社會(huì)帶到這么遠(yuǎn)的層面。16世紀(jì)禮儀方面的權(quán)威、意大利詩人喬瓦尼?德拉?卡薩(Giovanni Della Casa)曾勸阻讀者在上完廁所后洗手，“因?yàn)椤礈鞎?huì)引起人們不愉快的想法”。

詞匯

Dainty/美味的；講究的

Dexterous/靈巧的；敏捷的；慣用右手的

Utensil/用具，器皿

Etiquette/禮節(jié)，禮儀；規(guī)矩

Privy/有利害關(guān)系的人；廁所（尤指鄉(xiāng)間土廁所）