Autophagy comprises degradative pathways that operate through the transfer of cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes for degradation.

自噬包括降解途徑，通過將細胞質(zhì)成分轉(zhuǎn)移到溶酶體進行降解。

autophagy 自噬 /?'tɑf?d?i/

degradative 降解的 /'deɡr?deitiv/

degradative 轉(zhuǎn)運 /'ɑp?'ret/

transfer 轉(zhuǎn)運體 /tr?ns'f?/

cytoplasmic 細胞質(zhì)的 /?sait?u'pl?zmik/

constituent 成分 /k?n'st?u?nt/

lysosome 溶酶體 /'la?s?,som/

This process, which rids cells of materials such as misfolded proteins, microorganisms and damaged organelles, is one of the most evolutionarily conserved cellular operations.

這個過程清除了細胞中錯誤折疊的蛋白質(zhì)、微生物和受損的細胞器等物質(zhì)，是進化上最保守的細胞操作之一。

rid 清除 /r?d/

misfolded protein 錯誤折疊的蛋白質(zhì)

microorganism 微生物 /?ma?kro'?rg?n,?z?m/

organelle 細胞器 /??rg?'n?l/

evolutionarily 進化上地

conserved 保守的 /k?n's?v/

Material destined for self-cannibalization is sequestered in vesicles (autophagosomes) that fuse with a lysosome.

注定要自相殘殺的物質(zhì)被隔離在與溶酶體融合的囊泡(自噬小體)中。

self-cannibalization 自相殘殺 /?k?n?b?l?'ze??n/

sequester 隔絕 /s?'kw?st?/

vesicle 囊泡 /'v?s?kl/

autophagosome 自噬小體

Autophagy normally acts as a cellular housekeeper.

自噬通常扮演著細胞管家的角色。

It is upregulated when the cell is stressed and represents an alternative source of nutrients for energy production and structural reconstitution for cell survival.

當細胞受到壓力時，它會上調(diào)，代表著用于產(chǎn)生能量的營養(yǎng)來源的改變，和細胞生存的結(jié)構(gòu)重建。

upregulate 上調(diào)

reconstitution 重構(gòu)? /'ri:,k?nsti'tju:??n/

However, the autophagic pathway can also be called upon to kill cells (autophagic cell death).

然而，自噬途徑也可以被調(diào)用來殺死細胞(自噬細胞死亡)。

Autophagy is important for the elimination of mutant or altered proteins that form aggregates.

自噬對于清除突變或形成聚集體的異常蛋白很重要。

elimination 清除 /??l?m??ne??n/

mutant 突變體 /'mjut?nt/

aggregate 總數(shù)、多聚體 /'?ɡr?ɡ?t/

Such proteins are particularly involved in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington disease, Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease.

這種蛋白質(zhì)尤其與亨廷頓病、帕金森病和阿爾茨海默病等神經(jīng)退行性疾病有關(guān)。

neurodegenerative 神經(jīng)退行性

Thus, defects in autophagy are thought to play a key role in these disorders and also in various other conditions, including degenerative and inflammatory diseases, cancer and aging .

因此，自噬缺陷被認為在這些疾病以及各種其他疾病中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用，包括退行性和炎癥性疾病、癌癥和衰老。