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怎么說(shuō)呢，這個(gè)系列就是把自己的homework拿出來(lái)曬一曬，也就是圖一樂丟人現(xiàn)眼一下，因?yàn)楸救四芰椭R(shí)范圍有限，難免會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)諒解一下，也就是僅供參考。引文都有標(biāo)注，如果有侵權(quán)的可以聯(lián)系我。歡迎各位大佬多交流，提問題、指錯(cuò)誤。要是能關(guān)注一波那就更好了！??

How do multicellular organisms exchange?information and energy at the cellular level?

First, the limitations in the title include: multicellular organisms, cellular level.While the information communication between multicellular organisms?cells is generally known as cell communication.

Cell communication: refers to the process in which the information sent from a signal producing cell is transmitted to another target cell through the medium (aka ligand) and interacts with its corresponding receptor, and then produces a series of physiological and biochemical changes in the target cell through the cell signal transduction, which ultimately appears as the overall biological effect of the target cell.Cell communication can be summarized into two types: direct communication and indirect communication between cell.[1]

1 Direct communication between the cells

1.2 Plasmodesmata?

Plasmodesmata are channels through which plant cytoplasmic information is communicated, which serve as cytoplasmic channels linking the protoplasm of a plant cell through the plant cell wall. As the connecting pathway of cellular symbiosomes, plasmodesmata provide communication pathways for intercellular signaling, molecular exchange, and play crucial roles in controlling plant development and coordination of plant physiological functions. [2]

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1.1?Tunneling Nanotubes (TNTs）

TNTs are a long cell-distance physical connection similar to the intercellular filament, enabling long-range, directional communication between connected cells. TNTs are essentially a plasma membrane-coated actin and cytoplasmic circular tube. As a long-cell-to-cell connection pipeline, the direct transmission of proteins, nucleic acids, ions, small molecules and organelles can be performed, and TNTs can also directly conduct electrical signal transmission, and then in collaboration with the cell gap connection to cause electrical coupling between cells.[3]???????????????

1.3 Gap junction

Gap junction are intercellular connections via connexons in animals.The so-called "gap" has two meanings. One is a gap of 2 to 3 n m between the gap junction, and the lipid layer is not directly connected, but by two connectors to form a channel, allowing the material of small molecules to flow directly from one cell to the other.[4]?The gap junction, as a direct communication channel between adjacent cells, functions as conducting cell information and coordinating cell population function, and it is an important local coordination factor for cell growth, development, and various other functional activities.[5]

1.4 Cell-contact-dependent signaling

Cell contact-dependent signaling?refers to direct cell contact without the release of signaling molecules that mediates cell communication through interaction between transmembrane signaling molecules (ligand) and the receptor on the plasmic membrane of adjacent target cells, including cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix adhesion,etc.[1]

2?Indirect communication between the cells

2.1?Indirect communication based on chemical signals

Cells can act at long and short distances through chemical signals, and their mode of action can be divided as follows：paracrine、synaptic、endocrine、autocrine.[1]

??2.2 Indirect communication based on Exosomes

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles( 30 ～ 100 nm diameter) derived from the endosomal system in almost all kind of cells under physiological and pathological condition.Exosomes can fuse with recipient cells and release inclusions into recipient cells, playing an important role in cell-to cell communication by transporting intracellular proteins, RNAs, and lipids from one cell to another.[6]

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3?Conclusion

Cell communication is the basis of the multicellular ?organism, which integrates various cells ?into a network.As the technology evolves, new types of cell communication may also be constantly discovered.At present, one of the question from ?title ?is answered, but the intercell energy exchange in the title cannot find relevant information due to insufficient personal ability.

References：

[1]?翟中和，王喜忠，丁明孝主編；丁明孝，王喜忠，蘇都莫日根等編著．細(xì)胞生物學(xué) 第4版．北京：高等教育出版社，2011

[2]?劉寧.胞間聯(lián)絲的結(jié)構(gòu)、類型及其在植物發(fā)育中的作用(1)[J].生物學(xué)通報(bào),2020,55(01):7-10.

[3]?孫艷麗,Aleksey Yakovlev,劉絲絲,趙虎成,馮西橋.隧道納米管——一種新的細(xì)胞間連接[J].生物化學(xué)與生物物理進(jìn)展,2021,48(11):1273-1281.DOI:10.16476/j.pibb.2020.0430.

[4]??http://www.a-hospital.com/w/%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%99%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5

[5]?馮全義,吳澤志,蔡紹,李蘋,陳秀麗,張秀真.間隙連接研究進(jìn)展[J].四川生理科學(xué)雜志,2004(02):73-77.

[6]?趙濛,劉志紅,李金泉.外泌體組成特征及其作為細(xì)胞通訊和分子標(biāo)記的生物學(xué)作用[J].中國(guó)生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué)報(bào),2016,32(06):612-619.DOI:10.13865/j.cnki.cjbmb.2016.06.03.

[7]?葉花,楊佳明,張家紅,牛衍龍,王茂源.外泌體的生物學(xué)作用與失神經(jīng)肌萎縮[J/OL].中國(guó)組織工程研究:1-7[2022-03-03].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/21.1581.R.20220225.1814.005.html.

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